ꯊꯤꯌꯨ
ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯏꯅ ꯊꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯭ ꯇ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛꯇ-ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ 3,891 ꯫ ꯍꯦꯗꯂꯥꯏꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯊꯤꯔꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯭ ꯇꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯋꯥꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯀꯔꯝꯅ ꯋꯥꯍꯩꯗ ꯍꯥꯏꯒꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯉꯥꯛꯄꯤ ꯫
332 ꯃꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡ · ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯕꯤꯜꯁꯤꯡ · ꯐꯤꯜꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯦꯡꯗꯣꯛꯎ
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ꯚꯥꯔꯠꯀꯤ ꯄꯥꯔꯂꯤꯌꯥꯃꯦꯟꯠ
ꯕꯤꯜꯅ ꯀꯔꯅꯥꯇꯀꯥꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯁꯦꯗ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯜ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯄꯔꯤꯡꯗ ꯄꯔꯤꯕꯥꯔꯥ, ꯇꯥꯂꯥꯋꯥꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯞꯈꯤ
ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯕꯤꯜ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯀꯔꯅꯥꯇꯀꯥ ꯔꯥꯖ ꯭ ꯌꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯁꯦꯗ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯜ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯄꯔꯤꯡꯗ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯨꯞꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯎꯍꯟꯅꯕ ꯀꯟꯁ ꯭ ꯇꯤꯇ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯁꯟ (ꯁꯦꯗ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯜ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯥꯏꯕ ꯭ ꯁ) ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯔ, 1950ꯗ ꯁꯦꯝꯗꯣꯛ-ꯁꯥꯖꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯋꯤ ꯫
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ꯚꯥꯔꯠꯀꯤ ꯄꯥꯔꯂꯤꯌꯥꯃꯦꯟꯠ
ꯕꯤꯜꯅ'ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯟ ꯁꯤꯁ ꯭ ꯇꯦꯝ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯁꯤꯟ "ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯁꯇꯥꯡ ꯑꯥꯌꯨꯔꯕꯦꯗ, ꯌꯨꯅꯥꯅꯤ, ꯁꯤꯙ, ꯁꯣꯋꯥ-ꯔꯤꯒꯄꯥ ꯌꯥꯎꯍꯟꯅꯕ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯂꯤ ꯫
ꯕꯤꯜ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯑꯥꯌꯨꯔꯕꯦꯗ, ꯌꯨꯅꯥꯅꯤ, ꯁꯤꯗ ꯭ ꯙ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯣꯋꯥ-ꯔꯤꯒꯄꯥꯗ ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯀꯦꯜꯒꯤ ꯃꯍꯩ-ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯊꯕꯛ-ꯊꯧꯔꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯆꯠꯅꯍꯟꯅꯕ ꯅꯦꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯀꯝꯃꯤꯁꯟ ꯐꯣꯔ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯟ ꯁꯤꯁ ꯭ ꯇꯦꯝ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯁꯤꯟ ꯂꯤꯡꯈꯠꯈꯤ ꯫
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ꯚꯥꯔꯠꯀꯤ ꯄꯥꯔꯂꯤꯌꯥꯃꯦꯟꯠ
ꯕꯤꯜꯅ ꯍꯣꯃꯤꯑꯣꯄꯦꯊꯤꯕꯨ ꯕꯥꯏꯑꯣꯀꯦꯃꯤꯛ ꯔꯤꯃꯦꯗꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯎꯍꯟꯅꯕ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯂꯤ
ꯕꯤꯜ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯍꯣꯃꯤꯑꯣꯄꯦꯊꯤꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯑꯦꯖꯨꯀꯦꯁꯟ ꯁꯤꯁꯇꯦꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯂꯤꯡꯈꯠꯅꯕ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝ ꯊꯝꯂꯤ ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯒꯨꯟ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯌꯥꯝꯗꯕ ꯃꯍꯩ-ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯐꯪꯍꯟꯕꯗ ꯐꯒꯠꯍꯜꯂꯤ,...
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ꯚꯥꯔꯠꯀꯤ ꯄꯥꯔꯂꯤꯌꯥꯃꯦꯟꯠ
ꯕꯤꯜꯅ ꯑꯁꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯗꯨꯜꯗ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯄꯔꯤꯡꯗ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯨꯞ 41 ꯍꯥꯞꯈꯤ
ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯕꯤꯜ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯑꯁꯝ ꯔꯥꯖ ꯭ ꯌꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯗ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯜꯗ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯄꯔꯤꯡꯗ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯨꯞ 41 ꯌꯥꯎꯍꯟꯅꯕ ꯀꯟꯁ ꯭ ꯇꯤꯇ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯁꯟ (ꯁꯦꯗ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯜꯗ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯥꯏꯕ ꯭ ꯁ) ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯔ, 1950 ꯁꯦꯝꯗꯣꯛꯏ ꯫
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ꯚꯥꯔꯠꯀꯤ ꯄꯥꯔꯂꯤꯌꯥꯃꯦꯟꯠ
ꯀꯔꯅꯥꯇꯀꯥꯅ ꯀꯟꯁ ꯭ ꯇꯤꯇ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯁ ꯭ ꯇ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯁꯟꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯝꯗꯣꯛ-ꯁꯦꯝꯖꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯕꯗ ꯄꯔꯤꯕꯥꯔꯥ, ꯇꯥꯂꯥꯋꯥꯔꯥꯕꯨ ꯁꯦꯗ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯜꯗ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯄꯔꯤꯡꯗ ꯍꯥꯞꯈꯤ ꯫
ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯕꯤꯜ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯀꯔꯅꯥꯇꯀꯥ ꯔꯥꯖ ꯭ ꯌꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯁꯦꯗ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯜ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯄꯔꯤꯡꯗ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯨꯞꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯎꯍꯟꯅꯕ ꯀꯟꯁ ꯭ ꯇꯤꯇ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯁꯟ (ꯁꯦꯗ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯜ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯥꯏꯕ ꯭ ꯁ) ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯔ, 1950ꯗ ꯁꯦꯝꯗꯣꯛ-ꯁꯥꯖꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯋꯤ ꯫
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ꯚꯥꯔꯠꯀꯤ ꯄꯥꯔꯂꯤꯌꯥꯃꯦꯟꯠ
ꯑꯦꯂꯥꯏꯗ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯍꯦꯜꯇꯦꯀꯔ ꯀꯥꯎꯟꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯕꯣꯗꯤ ꯀꯣꯔꯄꯣꯔꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯤꯡꯈꯠꯈꯤ
ꯕꯤꯜ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯗꯤ ꯚꯥꯔꯠꯇ ꯑꯦꯂꯥꯏꯗ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯍꯛꯁꯦꯜꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯁꯤꯟꯃꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯍꯩ-ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯊꯕꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯤꯟꯗꯣꯛ-ꯁꯤꯟꯖꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇ ꯁꯦꯟꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯖꯤꯁꯇꯔ ꯑꯃ ꯁꯦꯝꯗꯨꯅ ꯊꯝꯕꯅꯤ ꯫
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ꯚꯥꯔꯠꯀꯤ ꯄꯥꯔꯂꯤꯌꯥꯃꯦꯟꯠ
ꯅꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯅꯦꯜ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯁ ꯭ ꯠꯀꯤ ꯃꯤꯍꯨꯠꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯑꯍꯨꯝꯗ ꯂꯦꯞꯊꯣꯛꯂꯦ
ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯕꯤꯜ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯅꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯅꯦꯜ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯁ ꯭ ꯠꯀꯤ ꯆꯦꯌꯔꯄꯔꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯤꯍꯨꯠꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯑꯍꯨꯝꯗ ꯂꯦꯞꯊꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯏꯪ 1999ꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯛꯠꯇ ꯁꯦꯝꯗꯣꯛ-ꯁꯥꯖꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯋꯤ, ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯕꯨ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯈꯔꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯐꯝꯗ ꯂꯩꯕꯗꯒꯤ ꯉꯥꯛꯊꯣꯛꯏ...
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ꯚꯥꯔꯠꯀꯤ ꯄꯥꯔꯂꯤꯌꯥꯃꯦꯟꯠ
ꯃꯦꯇꯔꯅꯦꯂꯤꯇꯤ ꯕꯦꯅꯤꯐꯤꯠ ꯕꯤꯜꯅ ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯑꯅꯤꯗꯒꯤ ꯅꯦꯝꯂꯕ ꯅꯨꯄꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯁꯨꯇꯤ ꯆꯌꯣꯜ 26 ꯐꯥꯎꯕ ꯍꯦꯟꯒꯠꯍꯟꯈꯤ
ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯕꯤꯜ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯑꯅꯤꯗꯒꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯗ ꯭ ꯔꯕꯗ ꯍꯤꯡꯗꯨꯅ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯅꯨꯄꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯈ ꯭ ꯋꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯗ ꯭ ꯔꯕꯗ ꯍꯞꯇꯥ 12ꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯞꯇꯥ 26 ꯐꯥꯎꯕ ꯍꯦꯟꯒꯠꯍꯟꯅꯕ ꯃꯦꯇꯔꯅꯤꯇꯤ ꯕꯦꯅꯤꯐꯤꯠ ꯑꯦꯛꯠ, 1961ꯗ ꯁꯦꯝꯗꯣꯛ-ꯁꯦꯝꯖꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯋꯤ ꯫
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ꯚꯥꯔꯠꯀꯤ ꯄꯥꯔꯂꯤꯌꯥꯃꯦꯟꯠ
ꯁꯤꯈ ꯒꯨꯔꯗ ꯭ ꯋꯥꯔꯥꯁ ꯕꯤꯜꯅ 2003ꯗꯒꯤ ꯁꯍꯖꯙꯔꯤꯅ ꯚꯣꯠ ꯊꯥꯗꯕꯒꯤ ꯍꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯥꯡꯖꯤꯜ ꯊꯥꯖꯤꯟꯗꯨꯅ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯏ ꯫
ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯕꯤꯜ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯁꯍꯖꯙꯔꯤ ꯁꯤꯈꯁꯤꯡꯕꯨ ꯕꯣꯔ ꯭ ꯗ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯝꯃꯤꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯈꯜꯗ ꯚꯣꯠ ꯊꯥꯗꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯁꯦꯟꯊꯣꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯁꯤꯈ ꯒꯨꯔꯗ ꯭ ꯋꯥꯔꯥꯁ ꯑꯦꯛꯠ, 1925ꯗ ꯁꯦꯝꯗꯣꯛ-ꯁꯦꯝꯖꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯋꯤ ꯫
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ꯚꯥꯔꯠꯀꯤ ꯄꯥꯔꯂꯤꯌꯥꯃꯦꯟꯠ
ꯕꯤꯜꯅ ꯔꯥꯁꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯄꯇꯤꯕꯨ ꯑꯅꯧꯕ ꯔꯥꯖꯦꯟꯗ ꯭ ꯔ ꯁꯦꯟꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯦꯜ ꯑꯦꯒ ꯭ ꯔꯤꯀꯜꯆꯔꯦꯜ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯚꯔꯁꯤꯇꯤꯒꯤ ꯚꯤꯖꯤꯇꯔ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯈꯟꯒꯠꯈꯤ
ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯕꯤꯜ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯕꯤꯍꯥꯔꯒꯤ ꯄꯨꯁꯥꯗ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯔꯥꯖꯦꯟꯗ ꯭ ꯔ ꯑꯦꯒ ꯭ ꯔꯤꯀꯜꯆꯔꯦꯜ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯚꯔꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯔꯥꯖꯦꯟꯗ ꯭ ꯔ ꯁꯦꯟꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯦꯜ ꯑꯦꯒ ꯭ ꯔꯤꯀꯜꯆꯔꯦꯜ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯚꯔꯁꯤꯇꯤꯗ ꯍꯣꯡꯍꯜꯂꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤꯕꯨ ꯔꯥꯖꯦꯟꯗ ꯭ ꯔ ꯁꯦꯟꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯦꯜ ꯑꯦꯒ ꯭ ꯔꯤꯀꯜꯆꯔꯦꯜ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯚꯔꯁꯤꯇꯤꯒꯤ ꯏꯟꯁꯇꯤꯇ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯁꯟ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯥꯎꯊꯣꯛꯏ ꯫
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ꯚꯥꯔꯠꯀꯤ ꯄꯥꯔꯂꯤꯌꯥꯃꯦꯟꯠ
ꯕꯤꯜꯅ ꯍ ꯭ ꯌꯣꯌꯣꯄꯦꯊꯤ ꯀꯣꯂꯦꯖꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯃꯍꯩꯔꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯡ ꯆꯟꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯀꯦꯟꯗ ꯭ ꯔꯒꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯂꯧꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯏ ꯫
ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯕꯤꯜ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯍꯣꯃꯤꯑꯣꯄꯦꯊꯤ ꯁꯦꯟꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯦꯜ ꯀꯥꯎꯟꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯦꯛꯠ, 1973ꯗ होꯃꯤꯑꯣꯄꯦꯊꯤꯛ ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯀꯣꯂꯦꯖꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯍꯣꯃꯤꯑꯣꯄꯦꯊꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯀꯦꯟꯗ ꯭ ꯔ ꯁꯔꯀꯥꯔꯗꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯂꯧꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯅꯕ ꯁꯦꯝꯗꯣꯛ-ꯁꯦꯝꯖꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯋꯤ ꯫
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ꯚꯥꯔꯠꯀꯤ ꯄꯥꯔꯂꯤꯌꯥꯃꯦꯟꯠ
ꯖꯝꯃꯨ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯁ ꯭ ꯃꯤꯔ ꯅꯠꯇꯅ ꯚꯥꯔꯠ ꯄꯨꯝꯕꯒꯤ ꯀꯝꯃꯔꯁꯤꯌꯦꯜ ꯀꯣꯔ ꯭ ꯠꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯒꯅꯤ
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ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯕꯤꯜ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯐꯨꯗ ꯁꯦꯐꯇꯤ ꯑꯦꯟ ꯁ ꯭ ꯇꯦꯟꯗꯔ ꯭ ꯗ ꯭ ꯁ ꯑꯦꯛꯠ, 2006ꯗ ꯁꯦꯝꯗꯣꯛ-ꯁꯥꯖꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯔꯗꯨꯅ ꯁꯤꯐ ꯑꯦꯛꯖꯤꯀ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯇꯤꯕ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯔꯕꯨ ꯐꯨꯗ ꯑꯣꯊोरिटीꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯍꯨꯠ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯌꯥꯎꯍꯜꯂꯤ,...
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ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯕꯤꯜ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯗꯤꯜꯂꯤ ꯍꯣꯇꯦꯜꯁ (ꯀꯟꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯣꯜ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯑꯦꯀꯣꯃꯗꯦꯁꯟ) ꯑꯦꯛꯠ, 1949 ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯏ, ꯍꯣꯇꯦꯜꯁꯤꯡꯕꯨ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯀꯥꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃ...
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ꯕꯤꯜꯅ'ꯀꯕꯤꯔꯄꯥꯟꯊꯤ ꯖꯨꯂꯥꯍꯥ "ꯑꯁꯤ ꯍꯔꯤꯌꯥꯅꯥ ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯁꯤ. ꯂꯤꯁꯠꯇ ꯍꯥꯞꯈꯤ
ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯕꯤꯜ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯀꯟꯁ ꯭ ꯇꯤꯇ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯁꯟ (ꯁꯦꯗ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯜ ꯀꯁ ꯭ ꯠ) ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯔ, 1950, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯟꯁ ꯭ ꯇꯤꯇ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯁꯟ (ꯗꯥꯗ ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯅꯒꯔ ꯍꯥꯚꯦꯂꯤ) ꯁꯦꯗ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯜ ꯀꯁ ꯭ ꯠ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯔ, 1962, ꯑꯁꯤ...