ꯊꯤꯌꯨ
ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯏꯅ ꯊꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯭ ꯇ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛꯇ-ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ 3,128 ꯫ ꯍꯦꯗꯂꯥꯏꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯊꯤꯔꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯭ ꯇꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯋꯥꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯀꯔꯝꯅ ꯋꯥꯍꯩꯗ ꯍꯥꯏꯒꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯉꯥꯛꯄꯤ ꯫
1206 ꯃꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡ · ꯇꯦꯟꯗꯔꯁꯤꯡ · ꯐꯤꯜꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯦꯡꯗꯣꯛꯎ
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NCERT
ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯁꯤ. ꯏ. ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯇꯤ. ꯅ ꯄꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥ ꯄꯦ ꯆꯔꯆꯥ ꯚꯔꯆ ꯭ ꯌꯦꯜ ꯑꯦꯛꯖꯤꯕꯤꯁꯟꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯇꯦꯟꯗꯔ ꯍꯥꯡꯗꯣꯛꯈꯤ
ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯁꯤ. ꯏ. ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯇꯤ. ꯅ ꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯙꯥꯟ ꯃꯟꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯤꯅ ꯃꯍꯩꯔꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯒ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯁꯥꯅꯕ ꯆꯍꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯊꯧꯔꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥ ꯄꯦ ꯆꯔꯆꯥꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯚꯔꯆ ꯭ ꯌꯦꯜ ꯑꯦꯛꯖꯤꯕꯤꯁꯟ ꯄ ꯭ ꯂꯦꯠꯐꯣꯔꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯠꯅꯕ ꯄꯣꯠ ꯌꯣꯟꯕ ꯑꯃ ꯌꯥꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯔꯤ ꯫
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NCERT
ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯁꯤ. ꯏ. ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯇꯤ. ꯅ ꯁꯥꯏꯟ ꯭ ꯁ ꯑꯦꯛꯖꯤꯕꯤꯁꯟ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯥꯟꯁꯄꯣꯔꯠꯀꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯛ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ
ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯁꯤ. ꯏ. ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯇꯤ. (ꯅꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯅꯦꯜ ꯀꯥꯎꯟꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯑꯦꯖꯨꯀꯦꯁꯟꯦꯜ ꯔꯤꯁꯔ ꯭ ꯆ ꯑꯦꯟ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯦꯅꯤꯡ) ꯅ ꯁꯥꯏꯟ ꯭ ꯁꯀꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡ (ꯆꯥꯎꯔꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯦꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯤꯛ ꯇꯣꯟ 8-9) ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯛ ꯄꯨꯁꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯅꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯛ ꯑꯃ ꯂꯧꯅꯕ ꯍꯣꯠꯅꯔꯤ ꯫
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NCERT
ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯁꯤ. ꯏ. ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯇꯤ. ꯒꯤ ꯇꯦꯟꯗꯔꯗ ꯆꯍꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯟꯑꯣꯚꯔ ꯀꯔꯣꯔ 1 ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯏ, ꯌꯨꯇꯤꯂꯤꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇ ꯊꯥ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯂꯦꯞꯄ ꯆꯥꯗꯤꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯏ ꯫
ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯁꯤ. ꯏ. ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯇꯤ. ꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯏ. ꯒꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯠ ꯍꯥꯎꯁ, ꯄꯤ. ꯖꯤ. ꯍꯣꯁ ꯭ ꯇꯦꯜ/ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯥꯟꯖꯤꯠ ꯒꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯠ ꯍꯥꯎꯁ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯅ ꯭ ꯌꯨ ꯗꯤꯜꯂꯤꯒꯤ ꯁ ꯭ ꯔꯤ ꯑꯣꯔꯣꯕꯤन्दो ꯃꯥꯔ ꯭ ꯒꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯏ.-ꯀꯦꯟꯇꯤꯟꯒꯤ ꯀꯦꯇꯔꯤꯡ ꯁꯔꯕꯤꯁꯀꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯑꯣꯟꯂꯥꯏꯟ ꯕꯤꯗ ꯀꯧꯔꯤ ꯫
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NCERT
ꯅ ꯭ ꯌꯨ ꯗꯤꯜꯂꯤꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯏ. ꯒꯤꯁ ꯭ ꯠ ꯍꯥꯎꯁ/ꯄꯤ. ꯖꯤ. ꯍꯣꯁꯇꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯁꯤ. ꯏ. ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯇꯤ. ꯑꯩꯆ. ꯀ ꯭ ꯌꯨ. ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯒꯤ ꯂꯣꯟꯗ ꯭ ꯔꯤ ꯀꯟꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯦꯛ
ꯚꯥꯔꯠ ꯁꯔꯀꯥꯔꯅ ꯅ ꯭ ꯌꯨ ꯗꯤꯜꯂꯤꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯏ. ꯒꯤꯁ ꯭ ꯠ ꯍꯥꯎꯁ/ꯄꯤ. ꯖꯤ. ꯍꯣꯁ ꯭ ꯇꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯁꯤ. ꯏ. ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯇꯤ. ꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯗꯀ ꯭ ꯋꯥꯇꯔꯁꯇ ꯂꯟꯗ ꯭ ꯔꯤ ꯁꯔꯕꯤꯁꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯌꯥꯅꯆꯦ ꯄꯤꯔꯤ ꯫
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NCERT
ꯁꯔꯀꯥꯔꯅ ꯎꯜꯂꯥꯁ ꯁ ꯭ ꯇꯗꯤ ꯃꯦꯇꯦꯔꯤꯌꯦꯜ ꯇꯥꯏꯇꯦꯜ 7 ꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯤꯟꯇꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯅꯆꯦ ꯄꯤ ꯫
ꯁꯔꯀꯥꯔꯅ ꯎꯜꯂꯥꯁ ꯁ ꯭ ꯇꯗꯤ ꯃꯦꯇꯦꯔꯤꯌꯦꯜꯒꯤ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ 7 ꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯤꯟꯇꯤꯡ, ꯕꯥꯏꯟꯗꯤꯡ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯅꯆꯦ ꯄꯤꯔꯤ ꯫
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NCERT
ꯇꯥꯇꯥ ꯁ ꯭ ꯀꯥꯏ ꯇꯦꯟꯗꯔꯅ ꯑꯣ. ꯏ. ꯑꯦꯝ. ꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯐꯪꯂꯕ ꯗꯤꯂꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯈꯛꯇꯗ ꯕꯤꯗ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯉꯝꯍꯜꯂꯤ ꯫
ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯁꯤ. ꯏ. ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯇꯤ. ꯅ ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯏ. ꯒꯤꯁ ꯭ ꯠ ꯍꯥꯎꯁ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯤ. ꯖꯤ. ꯍꯣꯁ ꯭ ꯇꯦꯜꯗ ꯇꯤ. ꯚꯤ. ꯀꯣꯟꯀꯦꯁꯟ 54ꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯇꯥꯇꯥ ꯁ ꯭ ꯀꯥꯏ ꯗꯤ. ꯇꯤ. ꯑꯩꯆ. ꯁꯔꯕꯤꯁꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯦꯝꯗꯣꯛ-ꯁꯥꯖꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯍꯟꯅ ꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯇꯧꯅꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯕꯤꯗ ꯀꯧꯔꯤ ꯫
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NCERT
ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯁꯤ. ꯏ. ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯇꯤ. ꯅ ꯄꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥ ꯄꯦ ꯆꯔꯆꯥ ꯚꯔꯆ ꯭ ꯌꯦꯜ ꯑꯦꯛꯖꯤꯕꯤꯁꯟ ꯄ ꯭ ꯂꯦꯠꯐꯣꯔꯝꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯏ. ꯑꯣ. ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯊꯤꯔꯤ
ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯁꯤ. ꯏ. ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯇꯤ. ꯅ ꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯙꯥꯟ ꯃꯟꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯤꯅ ꯃꯍꯩꯔꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯒ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯁꯥꯅꯕ ꯆꯍꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯊꯧꯔꯝ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥ ꯄꯦ ꯆꯔꯆꯥꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯚꯔꯆ ꯭ ꯌꯦꯜ ꯑꯦꯛꯖꯤꯕꯤꯁꯟ ꯄ ꯭ ꯂꯦꯠꯐꯣꯔꯝ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯠꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯊꯤꯔꯤ ꯫
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NCERT
ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯁꯤ. ꯏ. ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯇꯤ. ꯅ ꯇꯥꯇꯥ ꯁ ꯭ ꯀꯥꯏ ꯁꯦꯝꯗꯣꯛ-ꯁꯥꯖꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯅꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯕꯤꯗ ꯊꯤꯔꯤ, ꯏ. ꯑꯦꯝ. ꯗꯤ. ꯒꯤ ꯂꯨꯄꯥ 10,000 ꯊꯤꯔꯤ
ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯁꯤ. ꯏ. ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯇꯤ. (ꯅꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯅꯦꯜ ꯀꯥꯎꯟꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯑꯦꯖꯨꯀꯦꯜ ꯔꯤꯁꯔ ꯭ ꯆ ꯑꯦꯟ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯦꯅꯤꯡ) ꯅ ꯇꯇꯥ ꯁ ꯭ ꯀꯥꯏ ꯗꯤ. ꯇꯤ. ꯑꯩꯆ. ꯁꯔꯕꯤꯁꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯦꯝꯗꯣꯛ-ꯁꯥꯖꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯔꯤꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯕꯤꯗ ꯊꯤꯔꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯗ ꯀꯦꯕꯜ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯦꯁꯔꯤ...
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NCERT
ꯁꯤ. ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯏ. ꯇꯤ. ꯅ ꯆꯠꯅꯗ ꯭ ꯔꯕ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯣꯂꯛꯁꯟꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯔꯤꯖꯔ ꯭ ꯕ ꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯥꯏꯁ ꯂꯨꯄꯥ ꯂꯥꯈ 12 ꯊꯝꯂꯤ
ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯁꯤ. ꯏ. ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯇꯤ. ꯒꯤ ꯑꯄꯨꯟꯕ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯠ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯁꯦꯟꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯦꯜ ꯏꯟꯁꯇꯤꯇ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯑꯦꯖꯨꯀꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯅꯦꯜ ꯇꯦꯛꯅꯣꯂꯣꯖꯤ (ꯁꯤ. ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯏ. ꯇꯤ.) ꯅ ꯑꯣꯅꯂꯥꯏꯟꯗ ꯑꯣꯛꯁꯟ ꯕꯤꯗꯁꯤꯡ ꯀꯧꯔꯤ ꯃꯗꯨꯅ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯔꯕ, ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯗꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ...
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NCERT
ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯁꯤ. ꯏ. ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯇꯤ. ꯅ ꯚꯦꯟꯗꯔ ꯑꯦꯝꯄꯦꯅꯦꯜꯃꯦꯟꯠꯀꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ 15ꯅꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯂꯦꯞꯈꯤ, ꯂꯨꯄꯥ 1000ꯒꯤ ꯐꯤ, ꯀꯦꯇꯦꯒꯣꯔꯤ ꯑꯦ ꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯂꯨꯄꯥ ꯂꯥꯈ 4 ꯊꯥꯖꯤꯟꯈꯤ ꯫
ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯁꯤ. ꯏ. ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯇꯤ. (ꯅꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯅꯦꯜ ꯀꯥꯎꯟꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯑꯦꯖꯨꯀꯦꯜ ꯔꯤꯁꯔ ꯭ ꯆ ꯑꯦꯟ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯦꯅꯤꯡ) ꯅ ꯚꯥꯔꯠꯀꯤ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯁꯤꯟꯕ ꯊꯨꯡꯅ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯐꯣꯡꯕ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯈꯥꯏꯗꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯄꯣꯠ ꯌꯣꯟꯕꯁꯤꯡꯕꯨ ꯃꯤꯡꯊꯣꯟꯗ ꯌꯥꯎꯍꯟꯅꯕ ꯍꯣꯠꯅꯔꯤ ꯫
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ꯅꯦꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯇꯦꯁꯇꯤꯡ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯁꯤ
ꯇꯦꯟꯗꯔ ꯃꯨꯊꯠꯄꯒꯤ ꯅꯣꯇꯤꯁ
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ꯅꯦꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯇꯦꯁꯇꯤꯡ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯁꯤ
ꯆꯥꯡꯌꯦꯡꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯁ ꯭ ꯠ ꯄꯦꯄꯔ (ꯀ ꯭ ꯔꯣꯐꯤꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯌꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ ꯭ ꯗ ꯭ ꯁ) ꯗꯒꯤ ꯅꯥꯄꯤ-ꯁꯤꯡꯕꯤ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯏ ꯫
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ꯅꯦꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯇꯦꯁꯇꯤꯡ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯁꯤ
ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯇꯤ. ꯑꯦ. ꯒꯤ ꯇꯦꯟꯗꯔꯅ ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯑꯦꯁꯦꯁꯃꯦꯟ ꯭ ꯇ ꯁꯦꯟꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇ ꯆꯍꯤ 3-1-ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯌꯥꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯗꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯇꯥꯛꯂꯤ ꯫
ꯃꯍꯩ-ꯃꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯟꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯁꯥ ꯃꯊꯟꯇ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯂꯨꯞ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯅꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯅꯦꯜ ꯇꯦꯁꯇꯤꯡ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯁꯤ (ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯇꯤ. ꯑꯦ.) ꯅ...
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ꯅꯦꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯇꯦꯁꯇꯤꯡ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯁꯤ
ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯇꯤ. ꯑꯦ. ꯅ ꯚꯥꯔꯠ ꯁꯤꯟꯕ ꯊꯨꯡꯅ ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯑꯦꯁꯦꯁꯃꯦꯟꯠ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯦꯅꯤꯡ ꯁꯦꯟꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯤꯡꯈꯠꯀꯅꯤ
ꯃꯍꯩ-ꯃꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯟꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯁꯥ ꯃꯊꯟꯇ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯂꯨꯞ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯅꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯅꯦꯜ ꯇꯦꯁꯇꯤꯡ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯁꯤ (ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯇꯤ. ꯑꯦ.) ꯅ ꯑꯣꯟꯂꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯃꯍꯩ-ꯃꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇ ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯏꯟफ्राꯁꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯛꯆꯔ ꯂꯤꯡꯈꯠꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯅꯆꯦ ꯄꯤꯔꯛꯂꯤ ꯫