ꯀꯩꯊꯦꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯦꯀ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯔꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯛꯆꯦꯟꯖ ꯕꯣꯔ ꯭ ꯗ
ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯏ. ꯕꯤ. ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯅ ꯑꯦꯝ. ꯑꯦꯝ. ꯕꯤ. ꯒꯤ ꯏꯃꯨꯡ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯁ ꯭ ꯠꯁꯤꯡꯕꯨ ꯑꯣꯄꯦꯟ ꯑꯣꯐꯔꯒꯤ ꯆꯠꯅ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤ
ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯔ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯔꯤꯡꯀꯨ ꯑꯞꯄꯜꯋꯥꯔ ꯕꯤꯖꯤꯅꯦꯁ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯁ ꯭ ꯠ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯀ ꯭ ꯔꯥꯟꯗ ꯑꯞꯄꯜꯋꯥꯔ ꯕꯤꯖꯤꯅꯦꯁ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯁ ꯭ ꯇꯇ ꯁꯦꯕꯤꯒꯤ ꯇꯦꯛꯑꯣꯚꯔ ꯔꯦꯒꯨꯂꯦꯁꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯅ ꯑꯦꯝ. ꯑꯦꯝ. ꯕꯤ. ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯗ ꯁꯦꯌꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯊꯝꯅꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯑꯣꯄꯦꯟ ꯑꯣꯐꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯑꯔꯦꯞꯄ ꯑꯃ ꯄꯤ ꯫
ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯔ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯔꯤꯡꯀꯨ ꯑꯞꯄꯜꯋꯥꯔ ꯕꯤꯖꯤꯅꯦꯁ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯁ ꯭ ꯠ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯀ ꯭ ꯔꯥꯟꯗ ꯑꯞꯄꯜꯋꯥꯔ ꯕꯤꯖꯤꯅꯦꯁ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯁ ꯭ ꯇꯇ ꯑꯦꯝꯕꯤ ꯏꯟꯗꯁ ꯭ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯤꯁ ꯂꯤꯃꯤꯇꯦꯗꯗ ꯁꯦꯌꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯊꯝꯅꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯁꯦꯕꯤꯒꯤ ꯇꯦꯛꯑꯣꯚꯔ ꯔꯦꯒꯨꯂꯦꯁꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯑꯣꯄꯦꯟ ꯑꯣꯐꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯔꯤꯀꯃꯦꯟ ꯭ ꯇ ꯑꯃ ꯄꯤ ꯫ ꯏꯃꯨꯡ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯃꯊꯪ-ꯃꯅꯥꯎ ꯅꯥꯏꯅ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯂꯤꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯥꯟꯁꯐꯔ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯑꯦ. ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯇꯤ. ꯔꯦꯒꯨꯂꯦꯁ, 2011ꯒꯤ ꯔꯦꯒꯨꯂꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯟ 3,4, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ 5ꯗꯒꯤ ꯔꯤꯀꯃꯦꯟ ꯭ ꯇ ꯑꯃ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯒꯗ ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯁꯦꯕꯤꯅ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯈꯤ ꯫
ꯃꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯝꯕꯅ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯦ: ꯑꯦꯝꯕꯤ ꯏꯟꯗꯁ ꯭ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯤꯖ ꯂꯤꯃꯤꯇꯦꯗ (ꯇꯔꯒꯦꯠ ꯀꯝꯄꯅꯤ), ꯔꯤꯟꯀꯨ ꯑꯞꯄꯜꯋꯥꯔ ꯕꯤꯖꯤꯅꯦꯁ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯁ ꯭ ꯠ, ꯃꯀ ꯭ ꯔꯥꯟ ꯭ ꯗ ꯑꯞꯄꯜꯋꯥꯔ ꯕꯤꯖꯤꯅꯦꯁ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯁ ꯭ ꯠ, ꯁ ꯭ ꯔꯤꯃꯦꯁ ꯔꯤꯟꯀꯨ ꯃꯀꯔꯥꯟ ꯭ ꯗ ꯑꯞꯄꯜꯋꯥꯔ, ꯁ ꯭ ꯔꯤ ꯃꯀꯔꯥꯟ ꯭ ꯗ ꯃꯣꯔꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯋꯔ ꯑꯞꯄꯜꯋꯥꯔ, ꯁ ꯭ ꯔꯤꯃꯦꯁ ꯃꯥꯏꯊꯤꯂꯤ ꯔꯤꯟꯀꯨ ꯃꯀꯔꯥꯟ ꯭ ꯗ ꯑꯞꯄꯜꯋꯥꯔ, ꯑꯦꯝꯕꯤ ꯂꯦꯕꯔꯦꯇꯣꯔꯤꯖ ꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯥꯏꯚꯦꯠ ꯂꯤꯃꯤꯇꯦꯗ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯥꯏꯊꯤꯂꯤ ꯑꯦꯒ ꯭ ꯔꯣꯇꯦꯛ ꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯥꯏꯚꯦꯠ ꯂꯤꯃꯤꯇꯦꯗ ꯫
ꯁꯦꯕꯤꯅ ꯐꯪꯈꯤꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯔ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕꯗꯨ ꯀꯔꯤꯅꯣ
- ꯁꯦꯕꯤꯅ ꯁꯦꯕꯤ (ꯁꯕꯁ ꯭ ꯇꯦꯟꯇ ꯭ ꯌꯦꯜ ꯑꯦꯀ ꯭ ꯋꯤꯖꯤꯁꯟ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯁꯦꯌꯔꯁ ꯑꯦꯟ ꯇꯦꯛꯑꯣꯚꯔꯁ) ꯔꯦꯒꯨꯂꯦꯁꯟ, 2011ꯒꯤ ꯔꯦꯒꯨꯂꯦꯁꯟ 3 (2), 4, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ 5 ꯆꯠꯅꯍꯟꯕꯗꯒꯤ ꯑꯔꯦꯞꯄ ꯑꯃ ꯄꯤꯈꯤ ꯫
- ꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯣꯃꯣꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯀ ꯭ ꯋꯤꯌꯔꯔ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯁ ꯭ ꯇꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯁꯦꯌꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯚꯣꯠ ꯊꯥꯗꯕꯒꯤ ꯍꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯣꯄꯣꯖꯦꯠ ꯇꯧꯔꯕ ꯑꯦꯀ ꯭ ꯋꯤꯖꯔ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯌꯥꯎꯋꯤ ꯫
- ꯔꯤꯡꯀꯨ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯁ ꯭ ꯠꯅ ꯑꯦꯝꯕꯤ ꯏꯟꯗꯁ ꯭ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯤꯁꯀꯤ ꯁꯦꯌꯔꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ <ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯗꯤ. 1>% ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯝꯕꯤ ꯂꯦꯕꯔꯦꯇꯣꯔꯤꯁ ꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯥꯏꯚꯦꯠ ꯂꯤꯃꯤꯇꯦꯗ (ꯏ. ꯑꯦꯜ. ꯄꯤ. ꯑꯦꯜ.) ꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯌꯔꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ% 16 ꯂꯧꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯊꯝꯂꯤ ꯫
- ꯃꯀ ꯭ ꯔꯥꯟ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯁ ꯭ ꯠꯅ ꯑꯦꯝꯕꯤ ꯏꯟꯗꯁ ꯭ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯤꯁꯀꯤ ꯁꯦꯌꯔꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯗ <ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯗꯤ. 1> ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏ. ꯑꯦꯜ. ꯄꯤ. ꯑꯦꯜ. ꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯌꯔꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯗ 74 ꯂꯧꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯊꯝꯂꯤ ꯫
- ꯁꯦꯕꯤꯅ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯟꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯊꯪ-ꯃꯅꯥꯎ ꯅꯥꯏꯅ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡ ꯇꯧꯅꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯅꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕ ꯀꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯣꯃꯣꯇꯔ ꯒ ꯭ ꯔꯨꯞꯇ ꯂꯩꯔꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯄꯟꯈꯤ ꯫
- ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯔ ꯑꯁꯤ 2023ꯒꯤ ꯐꯦꯕ ꯭ ꯔꯨꯋꯥꯔꯤ 16ꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯁ ꯭ ꯇꯔ ꯁꯔꯀꯨꯂꯔ ꯅꯝꯕꯔ ꯁꯦꯕꯤ/ꯑꯩꯆ. ꯑꯣ./ꯁꯤ. ꯑꯦꯐ. ꯗꯤ./ꯄꯤ. ꯑꯣ. ꯗꯤ.-1/ꯄꯤ./ꯁꯤ. ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯑꯥꯔ./<ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯗꯤ. 1> ꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯊꯥꯗꯣꯛꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯄꯣꯜꯂꯤ ꯫
ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟꯠꯇꯁꯨ
- ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯥꯟꯖꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯣꯃꯣꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯍꯣꯜꯗꯤꯡꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ'ꯃꯤꯔꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯤ "ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯁꯛ ꯇꯥꯛꯂꯤ, ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯤ ꯃꯄꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯂꯥꯛꯁꯤꯟꯕꯗ ꯍꯣꯡꯂꯛꯄ ꯂꯩꯇꯦ ꯫
- ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯁ ꯭ ꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯟ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯁ ꯭ ꯠꯁ ꯑꯦꯛ ꯭ ꯠ 1882ꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗ ꯁꯦꯝꯗꯣꯛ-ꯁꯥꯖꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯔꯕ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯇꯕ ꯌꯥꯗꯕ, ꯈꯟꯒꯠꯂꯕ, ꯂꯅꯥꯏꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯁ ꯭ ꯠꯁꯤꯡꯅꯤ ꯫
- ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯁꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯕꯦꯅꯤꯐꯤꯁꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯣꯃꯣꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕꯁꯤꯡ/ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯃꯆꯥꯁꯤꯡꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯊꯤꯕꯗ ꯌꯨꯝꯐꯝ ꯑꯣꯏ ꯫
ꯃꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯝꯅ ꯏꯈꯤ
ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯃꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯀꯝꯄ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯇꯔꯗ ꯆꯂꯥꯏꯕ ꯑꯦ. ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯃꯣꯗꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯂꯩꯉꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯭ ꯇ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯀꯨꯞꯄ ꯃꯔꯣꯜ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯏꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯅ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯕ ꯉꯝꯈꯤꯗꯦ ꯫
ꯃꯁꯤꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯈ ꯭ ꯔꯦ ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯁꯝꯔꯤꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯭ ꯇ ꯑꯗꯨꯗ ꯑꯣꯇꯣꯃꯦꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯦꯛ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯐꯪꯈꯤ ꯫
ꯆꯦꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝꯅꯩ ꯃꯁꯤꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯈꯛꯇꯃꯛ ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯭ ꯇ ꯑꯗꯨꯅ ꯀꯔꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯒꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯌꯥꯗꯦ-ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯅ ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯭ ꯇ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛꯇ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ ꯂꯧꯋꯤ ꯫
ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯆꯦꯐꯣꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯦꯁꯤꯟꯅ ꯍꯟꯖꯤꯟꯈꯤ; ꯏꯪꯂꯤꯁ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯦꯛ ꯭ ꯁ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯭ ꯇ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯍꯛꯆꯤꯟꯕ ꯑꯣꯏ ꯫
ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯆꯦ ꯑꯗꯨ
ꯁꯦꯀ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯔꯤꯇꯤꯁ ꯑꯦꯟꯗ ꯑꯦꯛꯆꯦꯟꯖ ꯕꯣꯔ ꯭ ꯗ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ (ꯁꯦꯕꯤ)-ꯏꯟꯐꯣꯔꯁꯃꯦꯟ ꯭ ꯇ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯔꯁꯤꯡ
ꯔꯦꯒꯨꯂꯦꯇꯔꯤ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯔ · ꯔꯤꯐꯔ. ꯗꯕꯜꯌꯨ. ꯇꯤ. ꯑꯦꯝ./ꯀꯦ. ꯁꯤ. ꯚꯤ./ꯁꯤ. ꯑꯦꯐ. ꯗꯤ./<ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯗꯤ. 1> · 3 ꯅꯕꯦꯝꯕꯔ 2026
ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ
ꯋꯥꯔꯤ-ꯋꯥꯇꯥꯏ
ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯭ ꯇ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯐꯥꯎꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯅ ꯈꯟꯅꯗ ꯭ ꯔꯤ ꯫