ꯊꯤꯌꯨ
ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯏꯅ ꯊꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯭ ꯇ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛꯇ-ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ 3,130 ꯫ ꯍꯦꯗꯂꯥꯏꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯊꯤꯔꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯭ ꯇꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯋꯥꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯀꯔꯝꯅ ꯋꯥꯍꯩꯗ ꯍꯥꯏꯒꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯉꯥꯛꯄꯤ ꯫
1206 ꯃꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡ · ꯇꯦꯟꯗꯔꯁꯤꯡ · ꯐꯤꯜꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯦꯡꯗꯣꯛꯎ
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NCERT
ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯁꯤ. ꯏ. ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯇꯤ. ꯒꯤ ꯇꯦꯟꯗꯔꯅ ꯌꯦꯛꯅꯕ ꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯣꯐꯃꯔꯃꯦꯟꯁꯀꯤ ꯁꯦꯀ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯔꯤꯇꯤꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯟꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯤꯁꯠ ꯇꯧꯋꯤ: ꯂꯨꯄꯥ 10,000 بمقابلہ ꯂꯨꯄꯥ 25,000 ꯫
ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯁꯤ. ꯏ. ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯇꯤ. ꯅ ꯖꯨꯞ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯔ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯑꯁꯥꯕ ꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏꯒꯤ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡ (ꯒꯥꯏꯖꯔ, ꯊꯥꯎ ꯊꯜꯂꯕ ꯔꯦꯗꯤꯌꯦꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯥꯒꯤ ꯍꯤꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡꯒꯨꯝꯕ) ꯁꯦꯝꯗꯣꯛ-ꯁꯥꯖꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯦꯕꯥ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯔꯦꯠ ꯀꯟꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯦꯛ ꯑꯃꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯑꯣꯐꯂꯥꯏꯟ ꯕꯤꯗꯁꯤꯡ ꯀꯧꯔꯤ ꯫
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NCERT
ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯁꯤ. ꯏ. ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯇꯤ. ꯅ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯁ ꯭ ꯇꯦꯠ ꯕꯨꯛ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯥꯟꯁꯄꯣꯔ ꯭ ꯇꯀꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯕꯤꯗ ꯀꯧꯋꯤ, ꯏ. ꯑꯦꯝ. ꯗꯤ. ꯗꯒꯤ ꯅꯥꯟꯊꯣꯛ ꯄꯤ ꯫
ꯅ ꯭ ꯌꯨ ꯗꯤꯜꯂꯤꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯅꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯅꯦꯜ ꯀꯥꯎꯟꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯑꯦꯖꯨꯀꯦꯁꯟꯦꯜ ꯔꯤꯁꯔ ꯭ ꯆ ꯑꯦꯟ ꯭ ꯗ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯦꯅꯤꯡ (ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯁꯤ. ꯏ. ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯇꯤ.) ꯅ ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯁꯤ. ꯏ. ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯇꯤ. ꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯔꯥꯖ ꯭ ꯌꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯛ ꯄꯨꯁꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯅꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯥꯟꯁꯄꯣꯔꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯕꯤꯗ ꯀꯧꯔꯤ ꯫
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NCERT
ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯁꯤ. ꯏ. ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯇꯤ. ꯅ ꯗꯤꯜꯂꯤꯒꯤ ꯌꯨꯝꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯑꯍꯥꯡꯕ ꯗꯨꯀꯥꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁ ꯭ ꯇꯣꯜꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯏ-ꯇꯦꯟꯗꯔ ꯍꯥꯡꯗꯣꯛꯈꯤ
ꯅꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯅꯦꯜ ꯀꯥꯎꯟꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯑꯦꯖꯨꯀꯦꯜ ꯔꯤꯁꯔ ꯭ ꯆ ꯑꯦꯟ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯦꯅꯤꯡ (ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯁꯤ. ꯏ. ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯇꯤ.) ꯅ ꯁ ꯭ ꯔꯤ.
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NCERT
ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯁꯤ. ꯏ. ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯇꯤ. ꯒꯤ ꯇꯦꯟꯗꯔꯗ ꯂꯨꯄꯥ 5,000 ꯏ. ꯑꯦꯝ. ꯗꯤ. ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ₹ 25,000 ꯄꯔꯃꯦꯟꯁ ꯁꯦꯀ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯔꯤꯇꯤ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯏ ꯫
ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯁꯤ. ꯏ. ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯇꯤ. ꯅ ꯖꯨꯞ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯎ ꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯁ ꯭ ꯇꯤꯜꯀꯤ ꯐꯔꯅꯤꯆꯔꯗ ꯁꯦꯝꯗꯣꯛ-ꯁꯥꯖꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯌꯥꯎꯅ ꯐꯔꯅꯤꯆꯔꯒꯤ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯦꯝꯗꯣꯛ-ꯁꯥꯖꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯜꯒꯤ ꯌꯥꯅꯆꯦ ꯑꯃꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯕꯤꯗ ꯊꯤꯔꯤ ꯫
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NCERT
ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯁꯤ. ꯏ. ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯇꯤ. ꯀꯤ ꯄꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯠ ꯀꯟꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯣꯜ ꯇꯦꯟꯗꯔ: ꯏ. ꯑꯦꯝ. ꯗꯤ. ꯒꯤ ꯂꯨꯄꯥ 10,000, ꯀꯟꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯦꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯍꯥꯏꯗ ꯭ ꯔꯦ
ꯅꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯅꯦꯜ ꯀꯥꯎꯟꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯑꯦꯖꯨꯀꯦꯜ ꯔꯤꯁꯔ ꯭ ꯆ ꯑꯦꯟ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯦꯅꯤꯡ (ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯁꯤ. ꯏ. ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯇꯤ.) ꯅ ꯃꯇꯝ-ꯃꯇꯝꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯇꯤꯜ-ꯀꯥꯡ ꯂꯥꯛꯁꯤꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯌꯥꯅꯆꯦ ꯄꯤꯔꯛꯂꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯗ ꯑꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡ, ꯕꯣꯔꯁꯤꯡ, ꯃꯎꯁꯤꯡ, ꯋꯥꯁ ꯭ ꯄꯁꯤꯡ...
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NCERT
ꯇꯤ. ꯗꯤ. ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯐꯥꯏꯂꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯁꯤ. ꯏ. ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯇꯤ. ꯒꯤ ꯇꯦꯟꯗꯔꯗ ꯀꯟꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯦꯛ ꯚꯦꯜ ꯭ ꯌꯨ, ꯏ. ꯑꯦꯝ. ꯗꯤ., ꯗꯦꯗꯂꯥꯏꯟ ꯂꯩꯇꯦ ꯫
ꯅꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯅꯦꯜ ꯀꯥꯎꯟꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯑꯦꯖꯨꯀꯦꯁꯟꯦꯜ ꯔꯤꯁꯔ ꯭ ꯆ ꯑꯦꯟ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯦꯅꯤꯡ (ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯁꯤ. ꯏ. ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯇꯤ.) ꯅ ꯁꯦꯜ-ꯊꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯆꯍꯤ <ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯗꯤ. 1> ꯒꯤ ꯇꯤ. ꯗꯤ. ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯔꯤꯇꯔꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯐꯥꯏꯜ ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯆꯥꯔꯇꯔ ꯭ ꯗ ꯑꯦꯀꯥꯎꯟꯇꯦꯟ ꯭ ꯇ ꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯐꯥꯔ ꯭ ꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯍꯥꯞꯅꯕ ꯍꯣꯠꯅꯔꯤ ꯫
- ꯇꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯥꯏꯗ ꯭ ꯔꯤ
- ꯇꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯥꯏꯗ ꯭ ꯔꯤ
- ꯇꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯥꯏꯗ ꯭ ꯔꯤ
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ꯅꯦꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯇꯦꯁꯇꯤꯡ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯁꯤ
ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯇꯤ. ꯑꯦ. ꯅ ꯏ. ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯄꯤ., ꯗꯤꯖꯥꯁꯇꯔ ꯔꯤꯀ ꯭ ꯋꯔꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀ ꯭ ꯂꯥꯎꯗ ꯁꯣꯂꯨꯁꯟꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯁꯔꯕꯤꯁ ꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯣꯚꯥꯏꯗꯔ ꯊꯤꯔꯤ ꯫
ꯅꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯅꯦꯜ ꯇꯦꯁꯇꯤꯡ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯁꯤ (ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯇꯤ. ꯑꯦ.) ꯅ ꯋꯦꯕꯇ ꯌꯨꯝꯐꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯦꯟꯇꯔꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯥꯏꯖ ꯔꯤꯁꯣꯔ ꯭ ꯁ ꯄ ꯭ ꯂꯥꯅꯤꯡ (ꯏ. ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯄꯤ.), ꯗꯤꯖꯥꯁꯇꯔ ꯔꯤꯀꯕꯔꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀ ꯭ ꯂꯥꯎꯗ-ꯕꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯗ ꯁ ꯭ ꯂꯣꯁꯟ........................................................................................................................................................................................
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ꯅꯦꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯇꯦꯁꯇꯤꯡ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯁꯤ
ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯇꯤ. ꯑꯦ. ꯅ ꯁꯤ. ꯕꯤ. ꯇꯤ. ꯒꯤ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯁꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯊꯤꯔꯤ, ꯏ. ꯑꯦꯝ. ꯗꯤ. ꯒꯤ ꯂꯨꯄꯥ ꯂꯥꯈ 20 ꯊꯤꯔꯤ
ꯅꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯅꯦꯜ ꯇꯦꯁꯇꯤꯡ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯁꯤ (ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯇꯤ. ꯑꯦ.) ꯅ ꯁꯤ. ꯁꯤ. ꯇꯤ. ꯚꯤ. ꯒꯤ ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯕ, ꯕꯣꯌꯣꯃꯦꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯤꯛ ꯑꯣꯊꯦꯟꯇꯤꯀꯦꯁꯟ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯐ ꯭ ꯔꯤꯁꯀꯤꯡ ꯁꯔꯕꯤꯁꯁꯤꯡ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯟꯀꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯁꯤꯁꯤꯡꯕꯨ ꯄꯦꯅꯦꯜꯗ ꯌꯥꯎꯍꯟꯅꯕ ꯍꯣꯠꯅꯔꯤ ꯫
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ꯅꯦꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯇꯦꯁꯇꯤꯡ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯁꯤ
ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯇꯤ. ꯑꯦ. ꯅ ꯃꯤꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯀꯝꯃ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯀꯦꯁꯟ ꯇꯦꯟꯗꯔꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯂꯨꯄꯥ ꯂꯥꯈ 5 ꯏ. ꯑꯦꯝ. ꯗꯤ. ꯊꯝꯂꯤ
ꯅꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯅꯦꯜ ꯇꯦꯁꯇꯤꯡ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯁꯤ (ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯇꯤ. ꯑꯦ.) ꯅ ꯃꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯀꯝꯃ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯀꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯁꯤ ꯑꯃ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯐꯪꯍꯜꯂꯤ ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯛꯄꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯚꯥꯔꯠ ꯁꯤꯟꯕ ꯊꯨꯡꯅ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅꯕ, ꯃꯁꯤꯗ ꯀꯟꯇꯦꯟꯠ ꯁꯦꯝꯕ, ꯃꯤꯗꯤꯌꯥ...
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ꯅꯦꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯇꯦꯁꯇꯤꯡ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯁꯤ
ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯇꯤ. ꯑꯦ. ꯅ ꯀꯝꯃ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯀꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯁꯤ ꯈꯟꯒꯅꯤ, ꯏ. ꯑꯦꯝ. ꯗꯤ. ꯒꯤ ꯂꯨꯄꯥ ꯂꯥꯈ 5 ꯈꯟꯒꯅꯤ
ꯅꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯅꯦꯜ ꯇꯦꯁꯇꯤꯡ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯁꯤ (ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯇꯤ. ꯑꯦ.) ꯅ ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯐꯥꯎꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯁꯤ ꯑꯃ ꯈꯟꯒꯠꯅꯕ ꯍꯣꯠꯅꯔꯤ, ꯃꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯕ ꯭ ꯂꯤꯛ ꯔꯤꯂꯦꯁꯟꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯊꯧꯔꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯤꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅꯕ, ꯃꯁꯤꯗ ꯀꯟꯇꯦꯟꯠ ꯁꯦꯝꯕ, ꯁꯣꯁ ꯭ ꯌꯦꯜ ꯃꯤꯗꯤꯌꯥ...
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ꯅꯦꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯇꯦꯁꯇꯤꯡ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯁꯤ
ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯇꯤ. ꯑꯦ. ꯅ ꯑꯦꯟꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯦꯛजामꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯁꯤ. ꯕꯤ. ꯇꯤ. ꯒꯤ ꯀꯟꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯦꯛ ꯄꯤꯒꯅꯤ, ꯇꯦꯟꯗꯔ ꯍꯥꯡꯗꯣꯛꯀꯅꯤ
ꯅꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯅꯦꯜ ꯇꯦꯁꯇꯤꯡ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯁꯤ (ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯇꯤ. ꯑꯦ.) ꯅ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟ-ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟꯕ ꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯣꯐꯦꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯑꯦꯟꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯦꯟ ꯭ ꯁ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯂꯤꯐꯤꯂꯤꯇꯤꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯀꯝꯄ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯇꯔꯗ ꯌꯨꯝꯐꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯇꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯠꯁꯤꯡ (ꯁꯤ. ꯕꯤ. ꯇꯤ.) ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯁꯔꯕꯤꯁ ꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯣꯚꯥꯏꯗꯔ ꯑꯃ ꯌꯥꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯔꯤ ꯫
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NCERT
ꯃꯦꯄꯂꯤꯊꯣ ꯄꯦꯄꯔ ꯇꯦꯟꯗꯔ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟꯠꯀꯤ ꯇꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ 10ꯅꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯂꯣꯏꯁꯤꯜꯂꯤ ꯫
ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯁꯤ. ꯏ. ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯇꯤ. (ꯅꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯅꯦꯜ ꯀꯥꯎꯟꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯑꯦꯖꯨꯀꯦꯜ ꯔꯤꯁꯔ ꯭ ꯆ ꯑꯦꯟ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯦꯅꯤꯡ) ꯅ ꯅ ꯭ ꯌꯨ ꯗꯤꯜꯂꯤꯗ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ <ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯗꯤ. 1> ꯀꯤ. ꯖꯤ. ꯒꯤ ꯃꯦꯄꯂꯤꯊꯣ ꯄꯦꯄꯔ (ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯑꯦꯁ.: 1848ꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ 1ꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ) ꯂꯧꯔꯤ ꯫