ꯊꯤꯌꯨ
ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯏꯅ ꯊꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯭ ꯇ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛꯇ-ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ 3,130 ꯫ ꯍꯦꯗꯂꯥꯏꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯊꯤꯔꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯭ ꯇꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯋꯥꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯀꯔꯝꯅ ꯋꯥꯍꯩꯗ ꯍꯥꯏꯒꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯉꯥꯛꯄꯤ ꯫
1206 ꯃꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡ · ꯇꯦꯟꯗꯔꯁꯤꯡ · ꯐꯤꯜꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯦꯡꯗꯣꯛꯎ
- ꯇꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯥꯏꯗ ꯭ ꯔꯤ
- ꯇꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯥꯏꯗ ꯭ ꯔꯤ
- ꯇꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯥꯏꯗ ꯭ ꯔꯤ
- ꯇꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯥꯏꯗ ꯭ ꯔꯤ
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ꯅꯦꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯇꯦꯁꯇꯤꯡ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯁꯤ
ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯇꯤ. ꯑꯦ. ꯅ ꯃꯃꯤ ꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯣꯁꯦꯁꯤꯡ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯁꯤ ꯈꯟꯒꯅꯤ, ꯂꯨꯄꯥ ꯂꯥꯈ 5 ꯏ. ꯑꯦꯝ. ꯗꯤ. ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯏ
ꯅꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯅꯦꯜ ꯇꯦꯁꯇꯤꯡ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯁꯤ (ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯇꯤ. ꯑꯦ.) ꯅ ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯇꯤ. ꯑꯦ. ꯒꯤ ꯁ ꯭ ꯇꯦꯟꯗꯔ ꯭ ꯗꯁꯤꯡ ꯐꯪꯗꯕ ꯀꯦꯟꯗꯤꯗꯦꯠ ꯐꯣꯇꯣꯐꯁꯤꯡ ꯈꯪꯗꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯃꯃꯤ ꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯣꯁꯦꯁنگ ꯁꯔꯕꯤꯁꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯁꯤ ꯑꯃ ꯌꯥꯅꯕ ꯍꯣꯠꯅꯔꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯤ. ꯁꯤ. ꯇꯤ. ꯚꯤ..
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ꯅꯦꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯇꯦꯁꯇꯤꯡ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯁꯤ
ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯇꯤ. ꯑꯦ. ꯅ ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯏꯟफ्रास्ट्रꯛꯆꯔꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯏ. ꯑꯣ. ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯊꯤꯔꯤ, ꯂꯨꯄꯥ 1000 ꯏ. ꯑꯦꯝ. ꯗꯤ. ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯏ
ꯅꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯅꯦꯜ ꯇꯦꯁꯇꯤꯡ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯁꯤ (ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯇꯤ. ꯑꯦ.) ꯅ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯁꯤꯟꯕ ꯊꯨꯡꯅ ꯑꯣꯟꯂꯥꯏꯟ ꯑꯦꯁꯦꯁꯃꯦꯟꯠ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯦꯅꯤꯡ ꯁꯦꯟꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯏꯟꯐ ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯛꯆꯔ ꯂꯤꯡꯈꯠꯅꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯏ. ꯑꯣ. ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯊꯤꯔꯤ ꯫
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ꯅꯦꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯇꯦꯁꯇꯤꯡ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯁꯤ
ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯇꯤ. ꯑꯦ. ꯅ ꯁꯤ. ꯕꯤ. ꯇꯤ. ꯒꯤ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯁꯣꯐ ꯭ ꯠꯋꯦꯌꯔꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯄꯤ. ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯌꯨ.ꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯁꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯊꯤꯔꯤ
ꯅꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯅꯦꯜ ꯇꯦꯁꯇꯤꯡ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯁꯤ (ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯇꯤ. ꯑꯦ.) ꯅ ꯄꯕ ꯭ ꯂꯤꯛ ꯁꯦꯛꯇꯔ ꯑꯟꯗꯔꯇꯦꯀꯤꯡꯁ (ꯄꯤ. ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯌꯨ.) ꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯁꯔꯀꯥꯔꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯁꯤꯁꯤꯡꯕꯨ ꯀꯝꯄ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯇꯔꯕꯨ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯦꯀꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯁꯣꯐ ꯭ ꯠꯋꯦꯌꯔ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯄꯦꯅꯦꯜꯗ ꯌꯥꯎꯍꯟꯅꯕ ꯍꯣꯠꯅꯔꯤ ꯫
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ꯅꯦꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯇꯦꯁꯇꯤꯡ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯁꯤ
ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯇꯤ. ꯑꯦ. ꯅ ꯀꯦꯕ ꯇꯦꯟꯗꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯍꯦꯟꯒꯠꯍꯟꯈꯤ, ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯟꯑꯣꯚꯔꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯟꯈꯤ
ꯑꯦꯖꯨꯀꯦꯁꯟ ꯃꯟꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯅꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯅꯦꯜ ꯇꯦꯁꯇꯤꯡ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯁꯤ (ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯇꯤ. ꯑꯦ.) ꯅ ꯊꯥ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯀꯦꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯇꯦꯛꯁꯤ ꯁꯔꯕꯤꯁꯁꯤꯡ (ꯁꯦꯗꯥꯟ, ꯍꯦꯆꯕꯦꯛ, ꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯤꯃꯤꯌꯝ ꯁꯦꯗꯥꯟ, ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯌꯨ. ꯚꯤ................................................................................................................................................................................................
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ꯅꯦꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯇꯦꯁꯇꯤꯡ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯁꯤ
ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯇꯤ. ꯑꯦ. ꯅ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯋꯥꯡꯅ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯔꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯆꯍꯤ 20ꯒꯤ ꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡꯕ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯤꯟꯇꯤꯡ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯁꯤ ꯊꯤꯔꯤ ꯫
ꯅꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯅꯦꯜ ꯇꯦꯁꯇꯤꯡ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯁꯤ (ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯇꯤ. ꯑꯦ.) ꯅ ꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯤꯟꯇꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯤꯅꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯁꯤ ꯑꯃ ꯁꯦꯝꯅꯕ ꯕꯤꯗ ꯀꯧꯔꯤ ꯫
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NCERT
ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯁꯤ. ꯏ. ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯇꯤ. ꯒꯤ ꯀꯦꯟꯇꯤꯟꯒꯤ ꯇꯦꯟꯗꯔ: ꯏ. ꯑꯦꯝ. ꯗꯤ. ꯂꯨꯄꯥ 10,000, ꯕꯤꯗꯀꯤ ꯕꯦꯂꯤꯗꯤꯇꯤ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ 180ꯅꯤꯅꯤ ꯫
ꯅꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯅꯦꯜ ꯀꯥꯎꯟꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯑꯦꯖꯨꯀꯦꯜ ꯔꯤꯁꯔ ꯭ ꯆ ꯑꯦꯟ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯦꯅꯤꯡ (ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯁꯤ. ꯏ. ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯇꯤ.) ꯅ ꯅ ꯭ ꯌꯨ ꯗꯤꯜꯂꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯏ. ꯀꯦꯟꯇꯤꯟꯗ ꯆꯥ, ꯀꯣꯐꯤ, ꯅꯨꯡꯊꯤꯜꯒꯤ ꯆꯤꯟꯖꯥꯛ...
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NCERT
ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯁꯤ. ꯏ. ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯇꯤ. ꯅ ꯔꯣꯜ ꯄ ꯭ ꯂꯦ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯐꯣꯛ ꯗꯥꯟꯁ ꯀꯝꯄꯤꯇꯤꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯏ-ꯇꯦꯟꯗꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯀꯧꯋꯤ
ꯅꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯅꯦꯜ ꯀꯥꯎꯟꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯑꯦꯖꯨꯀꯦꯜ ꯔꯤꯁꯔ ꯭ ꯆ ꯑꯦꯟ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯦꯅꯤꯡ (ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯁꯤ. ꯏ. ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯇꯤ.) ꯅ ꯅꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯅꯦꯜ ꯂꯦꯕꯦꯜꯒꯤ ꯔꯣꯜ ꯄ ꯭ ꯂꯦ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯐꯣꯛ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯦꯅꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯁ ꯭ ꯇꯦꯖ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯆꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯦꯝ-ꯁꯥꯅꯕ ꯕꯤꯗ ꯀꯧꯔꯤ ꯫
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NCERT
ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯁꯤ. ꯏ. ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯇꯤ. ꯅ ꯑꯁꯥꯕ ꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯦꯝꯗꯣꯛ-ꯁꯥꯖꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯅꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯂꯨꯄꯥ 10,000 ꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯣꯐꯔꯃꯦꯟꯁ ꯁꯦꯀ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯔꯤꯇꯤ ꯊꯝꯂꯤ
ꯅꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯅꯦꯜ ꯀꯥꯎꯟꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯑꯦꯖꯨꯀꯦꯜ ꯔꯤꯁꯔ ꯭ ꯆ ꯑꯦꯟ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯦꯅꯤꯡ (ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯁꯤ. ꯏ. ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯇꯤ.) ꯅ ꯑꯁꯥꯕ ꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏꯁꯤꯡ (ꯒꯥꯏꯖꯔꯁꯤꯡ...
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NCERT
ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯁꯤ. ꯏ. ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯇꯤ. ꯅ ꯆꯠꯅꯗ ꯭ ꯔꯕ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯣꯂꯛꯁꯟꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯔꯤꯖꯔ ꯭ ꯕ ꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯥꯏꯁ ꯂꯨꯄꯥ ꯂꯥꯈ 6 ꯊꯝꯂꯤ
ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯁꯤ. ꯏ. ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯇꯤ. ꯅ ꯏ. ꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯣꯀ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯔ ꯄꯣꯔꯇꯦꯜꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯠꯊꯥꯡꯗ ꯕꯤꯗ ꯊꯥꯗꯨꯅ, ꯑꯣꯟꯂꯥꯏꯟ ꯑꯣꯂꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯠꯊꯥꯡꯗ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯗꯤꯄꯥꯔ ꯭ ꯠꯃꯦꯟ ꯭ ꯇꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯗꯤꯃꯟ ꯇꯧꯔꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯗ ꯭ ꯔꯕ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯣꯜꯂꯤ ꯫
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NCERT
ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯁꯤ. ꯏ. ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯇꯤ. ꯃꯣꯕꯥꯏꯜ ꯇꯋꯔ ꯕꯤꯗꯀꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ <ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯗꯤ. 1>, ꯆꯍꯤ 6ꯒꯤ ꯌꯥꯅꯆꯦ
ꯅꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯅꯦꯜ ꯀꯥꯎꯟꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯑꯦꯖꯨꯀꯦꯁꯟꯦꯜ ꯔꯤꯁꯔ ꯭ ꯆ ꯑꯦꯟ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯦꯅꯤꯡ (ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯁꯤ. ꯏ. ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯇꯤ.) ꯅ ꯅ ꯭ ꯌꯨ ꯗꯤꯜꯂꯤꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯀꯦꯝꯄꯁꯇ ꯃꯣꯕꯥꯏꯜ ꯇꯋꯥꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯤꯡꯈꯠꯅꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯕꯤꯗ ꯀꯧꯔꯤ, ꯁꯥꯏꯠ ꯁꯔꯋꯦꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ.
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NCERT
ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯁꯤ. ꯏ. ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯇꯤ. ꯒꯤ ꯇꯦꯟꯗꯔꯗ ꯕꯤꯗꯔꯅ ꯗꯤꯜꯂꯤ/ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯁꯤ. ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁ, ꯆꯍꯤ 3ꯒꯤ ꯀꯟꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯦꯛ ꯂꯩꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯫
ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯁꯤ. ꯏ. ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯇꯤ. (ꯅꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯅꯦꯜ ꯀꯥꯎꯟꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯑꯦꯖꯨꯀꯦꯜ ꯔꯤꯁꯔ ꯭ ꯆ ꯑꯦꯟ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯦꯅꯤꯡ) ꯅ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛꯁꯤꯡ, ꯔꯤꯁꯔ ꯭ ꯆ......................