ꯊꯤꯌꯨ
ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯏꯅ ꯊꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯭ ꯇ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛꯇ-ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ 3,135 ꯫ ꯍꯦꯗꯂꯥꯏꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯊꯤꯔꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯭ ꯇꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯋꯥꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯀꯔꯝꯅ ꯋꯥꯍꯩꯗ ꯍꯥꯏꯒꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯉꯥꯛꯄꯤ ꯫
1323 "ꯀꯟꯁꯇꯤꯇ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯁꯟ" ꯒꯤ ꯃꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡ
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ꯀꯩꯊꯦꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯔꯤꯖꯔꯕ ꯕꯦꯡꯛ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ
ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯕꯤ. ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯄꯠꯅꯥꯅ ꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯤꯁꯤꯁꯟ ꯑꯦꯌꯔ ꯀꯟꯗꯤꯁꯟ ꯁꯤꯁꯇꯦꯝꯗ ꯂꯨꯄꯥ ꯂꯥꯈ <ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯗꯤ. 1> ꯆꯥꯗꯤꯡ ꯇꯧꯒꯅꯤ
ꯔꯤꯖꯔꯕ ꯕꯦꯡꯛ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ, ꯄꯠꯅꯥꯅ ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯇꯤ...............................
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ꯀꯩꯊꯦꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯔꯤꯖꯔꯕ ꯕꯦꯡꯛ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ
ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟ-ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟꯕ ꯁꯤꯚꯤꯜ, ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯀꯟꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯦꯛꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡ, ꯄꯣꯠ ꯌꯣꯟꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯣꯠ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯄꯦꯅꯦꯜ ꯁꯦꯝꯗꯣꯛꯄ...
ꯔꯤꯖꯔꯕ ꯕꯦꯡꯛ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ, ꯀꯥꯟꯄꯨꯔꯅ ꯁꯤꯚꯤꯜ, ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯤꯀꯦꯜ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯁꯦꯟꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛꯁꯤꯡ, ꯃꯁꯤꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯄꯣꯠ ꯌꯣꯟꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯣꯠ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡ...
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NCERT
ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯁꯤ. ꯏ. ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯇꯤ. ꯅ ꯖꯥꯗꯨꯏ ꯄꯤꯇꯔꯥ ꯀꯤꯠ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯕꯤꯗ ꯀꯧꯋꯤ, ꯏ. ꯑꯦꯝ. ꯗꯤ. ꯂꯨꯄꯥ ꯂꯥꯈ 1
ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯁꯤ. ꯏ. ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯇꯤ. ꯅ ꯎ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯇꯩ ꯃꯆꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯝꯕ ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯁꯤ. ꯏ. ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯇꯤ. ꯅ ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯠꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯅꯧꯕ ꯀꯤꯠ (ꯖꯥꯗꯨꯏ ꯄꯤꯇꯥꯔꯥ) ꯒꯤ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯐꯥꯔ ꯭ ꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯦꯅꯦꯜ ꯇꯧꯅꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯕꯤꯗ ꯀꯧꯔꯤ, ꯃꯗꯨ...
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ꯀꯩꯊꯦꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯦꯀ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯔꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯛꯆꯦꯟꯖ ꯕꯣꯔ ꯭ ꯗ
ꯁꯦꯕꯤꯅ ꯁꯦꯀ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯔꯀ ꯭ ꯂꯥꯎꯗ ꯇꯦꯛꯅꯣꯂꯣꯖꯤꯁ ꯂꯤꯃꯤꯇꯦꯠꯀꯤ ꯁꯦꯌꯔꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯏꯟꯁꯥꯏꯗꯔ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯦꯗꯤꯡ ꯐꯪꯉꯤ ꯫
ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯔ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯁꯦꯕꯤꯅ ꯁꯦꯀ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯔꯀ ꯭ ꯂꯥꯎꯗ ꯇꯦꯛꯅꯣꯂꯣꯖꯤꯁ ꯂꯤꯃꯤꯇꯦꯠꯀꯤ ꯁꯦꯌꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯍꯨꯝꯅ ꯐꯣꯡꯗ ꯭ ꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯃꯜ-ꯁꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤꯕ ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎꯗ ꯌꯨꯝꯐꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯨꯅ ꯂꯂꯣꯟ-ꯏꯇꯤꯛ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯊꯤꯖꯤꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯊꯝꯂꯤ ꯫
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ꯇꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯥꯏꯗ ꯭ ꯔꯤ
ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯔꯦꯒꯨꯂꯦꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡ
ꯍꯤꯟꯗꯋꯦꯌꯔ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯦꯠꯃꯔ ꯭ ꯛ ꯀꯤꯋꯔ ꯭ ꯗ ꯀꯦꯁꯇ ꯒꯨꯒꯜꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯍꯥꯏ ꯀꯣꯔꯠꯅ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯄꯤ ꯫
ꯃꯁꯤ ꯗꯤꯜꯂꯤꯒꯤ ꯍꯥꯏ ꯀꯣꯔ ꯭ ꯠꯀꯤ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯦꯠꯀ ꯭ ꯔꯦꯟꯐ ꯭ ꯔꯤꯟꯖꯃꯦꯟ ꯭ ꯇ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯍꯤꯟꯗꯋꯦꯌꯔ ꯂꯤꯃꯤꯇꯦꯠꯅ ꯍꯦꯟꯗꯥꯟꯕꯁꯤꯡ (ꯒ ꯭ ꯔꯣꯍ, ꯁꯦꯔꯥ) ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯒꯨꯒꯜꯅ...
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ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯨꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯤꯝ ꯀꯣꯔ ꯭ ꯠ
ꯁꯨꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯤꯝ ꯀꯣꯔꯠꯅ ꯂꯨꯄꯥ ꯀꯔꯣꯔ 1292ꯒꯤ ꯏ. ꯄꯤ. ꯁꯤ. ꯀꯟꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯦꯛ ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯁꯦꯝꯂꯤ
ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯀꯦꯁ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯏꯟꯖꯤꯅꯤꯌꯔꯤꯡ, ꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯣꯀ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯔꯃꯦꯟ ꯭ ꯇ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ..............................
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ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ 1ꯅꯤ ꯂꯩꯔꯦ
ꯀꯩꯊꯦꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯔꯤꯖꯔꯕ ꯕꯦꯡꯛ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ
ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯕꯤ. ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯅ ꯕꯟꯗ ꯭ ꯔꯥ कुर्ꯂꯥ ꯀꯝꯄ ꯭ ꯂꯦꯛꯁꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯦꯔ ꯀꯟꯗꯤꯁꯟꯒꯤ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯠꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯂꯨꯄꯥ ꯂꯥꯈ 15.5 ꯊꯥꯗꯒꯅꯤ
ꯔꯤꯖꯔꯕ ꯕꯦꯡꯛ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ (ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯕꯤ. ꯑꯥꯏ.) ꯅ ꯁ ꯭ ꯇꯥꯐꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯀꯦꯁꯦꯠ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯁ ꯭ ꯄ ꯭ ꯂꯤꯠ ꯑꯦꯌꯔ ꯀꯟꯗꯤꯁ ꯭ ꯟ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯤꯕ, ꯂꯤꯡꯈꯠꯄ, ꯆꯥꯡꯌꯦꯡ ꯇꯧꯕ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯝꯃꯤꯁꯟ ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯅꯕ ꯇꯧꯔꯦ ꯫
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ꯀꯩꯊꯦꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯦꯀ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯔꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯛꯆꯦꯟꯖ ꯕꯣꯔ ꯭ ꯗ
ꯁꯦꯕꯤꯅ ꯕꯤ. ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯏ. ꯒꯤ ꯁ ꯭ ꯇꯣꯛ ꯑꯣꯞꯁꯟ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯦꯗꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ <ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯗꯤ. 1>% ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯝꯗꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯐꯪꯈꯤ ꯫
ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯔ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯕꯤ. ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯏ. ꯗ ꯏꯂꯤꯀ ꯭ ꯋꯤꯗ ꯁ ꯭ ꯇꯣꯛ ꯑꯣꯞꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯕ ꯔꯤꯚꯔꯁꯜ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯦꯗꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯀ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯕ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯥꯐꯤꯟ ꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯥꯏꯚꯦꯠ ꯂꯤꯃꯤꯇꯦꯗꯗ ꯁꯦꯕꯤꯅ ꯊꯤꯖꯤꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯊꯝꯂꯤ ꯫
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ꯀꯩꯊꯦꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯔꯤꯖꯔꯕ ꯕꯦꯡꯛ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ
ꯆꯟꯗꯤꯒꯔꯒꯤ ꯑꯀꯣꯏꯕꯗ ꯑꯦ. ꯁꯤ. ꯂꯤꯡꯈꯠꯄꯗ ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯕꯤ. ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯅ ꯂꯨꯄꯥ ₹ <ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯗꯤ. 1> ꯂꯥꯈ ꯆꯥꯗꯤꯡ ꯇꯧꯒꯅꯤ
ꯔꯤꯖꯔꯕ ꯕꯦꯡꯛ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ, ꯆꯟꯗꯤꯒꯔꯅ ꯇꯤ. ꯑꯩꯆ. ꯑꯩꯆ. & ꯚꯤ. ꯑꯣ. ꯑꯦꯐ. ꯐ ꯭ ꯂꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯁ ꯭ ꯄ ꯭ ꯂꯤꯠ ꯑꯦ. ꯁꯤ. ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯠꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯁ ꯭ ꯄꯂꯥꯏ, ꯏꯟꯁ ꯭ ꯇꯂꯦꯁꯟ, ꯇꯦꯁꯇꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯝꯃꯤꯁꯟ (ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯇꯤ. ꯁꯤ.) ꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯌꯦꯜ ꯐ ꯭ ꯂꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯌꯥꯅꯆꯦ ꯄꯤꯔꯛꯂꯤ ꯫
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ꯇꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯥꯏꯗ ꯭ ꯔꯤ
ꯅꯦꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯇꯦꯁꯇꯤꯡ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯁꯤ
ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯇꯤ. ꯑꯦ. ꯅ ꯑꯆꯧꯕ..............................
ꯅꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯅꯦꯜ ꯇꯦꯁꯇꯤꯡ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯁꯤ (ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯇꯤ. ꯑꯦ.) ꯅ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟ-ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟꯕ...
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ꯀꯩꯊꯦꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯔꯤꯖꯔꯕ ꯕꯦꯡꯛ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ
ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯕꯤ. ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯅ ꯏ-ꯚꯤ. ꯑꯣ. ꯑꯦꯐ. ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯚꯤ. ꯑꯣ. ꯑꯦꯐ. ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯍꯟꯅ ꯁꯦꯝꯗꯣꯛ-ꯁꯦꯝꯖꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯕꯗ ꯂꯨꯄꯥ ꯂꯥꯈ 1 <ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯗꯤ.
ꯔꯤꯖꯔꯕ ꯕꯦꯡꯛ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ (ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯕꯤ. ꯑꯥꯏ.) ꯅ ꯁꯦꯅꯤꯌꯔ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯇ ꯑꯦꯛꯖꯤꯀ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯇꯤꯕ ꯚꯤꯖꯤꯇꯤꯡ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯔꯁ ꯐ ꯭ ꯂꯦꯠ (ꯏ-ꯚꯤ. ꯑꯣ. ꯑꯦꯐ.) (ꯗꯤ-19) ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯚꯤꯖꯤꯇꯤꯡ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯔꯁ ꯐ ꯭ ꯂꯦꯠ (ꯚꯤ. ꯑꯣ. ꯑꯦꯐ.) (ꯗꯤ-21) ꯁꯦꯝꯗꯣꯛ-ꯁꯥꯖꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯅꯆꯦ ꯄꯤꯔꯛꯂꯤ ꯫
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ꯀꯩꯊꯦꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯔꯤꯖꯔꯕ ꯕꯦꯡꯛ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ
ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯕꯤ. ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯅꯥꯒꯄꯨꯔꯅ ꯌꯨ. ꯄꯤ. ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯀꯥꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ 3 ꯇꯤ. ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯑꯦ. ꯁꯤ. ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯠ ꯑꯅꯤꯗ ꯂꯨꯄꯥ ꯂꯥꯈ 9.13 ꯆꯥꯗꯤꯡ ꯇꯧꯒꯅꯤ
ꯔꯤꯖꯔꯕ ꯕꯦꯡꯛ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ, ꯅꯥꯒꯄꯨꯔꯅ ꯑꯄꯤꯛꯄ ꯀꯥꯒꯤ ꯀꯨꯂꯤꯡ ꯁ ꯭ ꯄ ꯭ ꯂꯤꯠ-ꯇꯥꯏꯞ ꯑꯦꯌꯔ-ꯀꯟꯗꯤꯁꯅꯤꯡ ꯁꯤꯁꯇꯦꯝ ꯑꯅꯤ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ, ꯂꯤꯡꯈꯠꯅꯕ, ꯆꯥꯡꯌꯦꯡ ꯇꯧꯅꯕ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯝꯃꯤꯁꯟ ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯅꯕ ꯇꯧꯔꯦ ꯫
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ꯅꯇꯦꯜ ꯍꯥꯏꯋꯦꯖ ꯏꯟꯐ ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯗꯦꯕ ꯀꯣꯔꯄꯣꯔ ꯭ ꯁ
ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯑꯩꯆ. ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯗꯤ. ꯁꯤ. ꯑꯦꯜ. ꯅ ꯁꯤꯂꯤꯒꯨꯔꯤ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯀꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯑꯅꯧꯕ ꯒꯥꯔꯤ ꯑꯍꯨꯝ ꯂꯤꯖꯗ ꯄꯤꯒꯅꯤ
ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯑꯩꯆ. ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯗꯤ. ꯁꯤ. ꯑꯦꯜ. ꯅ ꯋꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯠ ꯕꯦꯡꯒꯣꯜꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯁꯤꯂꯤꯒꯨꯔꯤ ꯄꯤ. ꯑꯦꯝ. ꯌꯨ. ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯇ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯇ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯅꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯊꯥ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯅꯧꯕ ꯒꯥꯔꯤ ꯑꯍꯨꯝ (ꯏꯟꯅꯣꯚꯥ ꯀꯦꯞꯇꯦꯟ ꯁꯤꯠ ꯃꯣꯗꯦꯜ) ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯅꯆꯦ ꯄꯤꯔꯤ, ꯃꯗꯨꯗ...
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ꯇꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯥꯏꯗ ꯭ ꯔꯤ
ꯅꯇꯦꯜ ꯍꯥꯏꯋꯦꯖ ꯏꯟꯐ ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯗꯦꯕ ꯀꯣꯔꯄꯣꯔ ꯭ ꯁ
ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯑꯩꯆ. ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯗꯤ. ꯁꯤ. ꯑꯦꯜ. ꯅ ꯑꯁꯥꯝꯗ ꯀꯤꯂꯣꯃꯤꯇꯔ 12.5 ꯒꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯋꯦ ꯁꯦꯟꯅꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇ ꯂꯨꯄꯥ 1, <ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯗꯤ. 1> ꯂꯥꯈ ꯆꯥꯗꯤꯡ ꯇꯧꯒꯅꯤ
ꯅꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯅꯦꯜ ꯍꯥꯏꯋꯦꯁ ꯑꯦꯟ انفراꯁ ꯭ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯛꯆꯔ ꯗꯤꯚꯦꯂꯞꯃꯦꯟ ꯭ ꯇ ꯀꯣꯔꯄꯣꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯂꯤꯃꯤꯇꯦꯠ (ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯑꯩꯆ. ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯗꯤ. ꯁꯤ. ꯑꯦꯜ.) ꯅ ꯅꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯅꯦꯜ ꯍꯥꯏꯋꯦ 37 (ꯅ ꯭ ꯌꯨ) ꯒꯤ ꯀꯤꯂꯣꯃꯤꯇꯔ 12.5 ꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯈꯔꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯁꯦꯟꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯔꯤ ꯫
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ꯀꯩꯊꯦꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯦꯀ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯔꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯛꯆꯦꯟꯖ ꯕꯣꯔ ꯭ ꯗ
ꯁꯦꯕꯤꯅ ꯑꯦꯂꯥꯏꯟꯁ ꯔꯤꯁꯔ ꯭ ꯆꯄꯨ ꯀ ꯭ ꯂꯥꯏꯟꯇ ꯑꯦꯀꯥꯎꯟ ꯭ ꯇꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯀꯝꯄ ꯭ ꯂꯥꯏꯟꯁ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯉꯥꯛꯊꯣꯛꯄꯗ ꯊꯤꯡꯂꯤ
ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯔ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯔꯦꯖꯤꯁꯇꯔ ꯇꯧꯔꯕ ꯏꯟꯚꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯠꯃꯦꯟ ꯭ ꯇ ꯑꯦꯗꯚꯥꯏꯖꯔ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯦꯝ/ꯑꯦꯁ ꯑꯦꯂꯥꯏꯟꯁ ꯔꯤꯁꯔ ꯭ ꯆꯀꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯔꯦꯒꯨꯂꯦꯇꯔꯤ ꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯣꯁꯤꯗꯤꯡꯁꯤꯡꯗ...
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ꯀꯩꯊꯦꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯦꯀ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯔꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯛꯆꯦꯟꯖ ꯕꯣꯔ ꯭ ꯗ
ꯑꯦꯂꯥꯏꯟꯁ ꯔꯤꯁꯔ ꯭ ꯆꯀꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯔ, ꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯣꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯥꯏꯇꯔ, ꯃꯨꯗꯥꯁꯤꯔ ꯍꯥꯁꯟ
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ꯇꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯥꯏꯗ ꯭ ꯔꯤ
ꯅꯇꯦꯜ ꯍꯥꯏꯋꯦꯖ ꯏꯟꯐ ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯗꯦꯕ ꯀꯣꯔꯄꯣꯔ ꯭ ꯁ
ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯑꯩꯆ. ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯗꯤ. ꯁꯤ. ꯑꯦꯜ. ꯅ ꯑꯁꯥꯝ ꯍꯥꯏꯋꯦ ꯃꯦꯟꯇꯦꯅꯦꯟꯁꯀꯤ ꯇꯦꯟꯗꯔꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ₹ <ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯗꯤ. 1> ꯏ. ꯑꯦꯝ. ꯗꯤ. ꯂꯥꯈ ꯈꯣꯝꯒꯠꯀꯅꯤ
ꯅꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯅꯦꯜ ꯍꯥꯏꯋꯦꯁ ꯑꯦꯟ انفراꯁ ꯭ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯛꯆꯔ ꯗꯤꯚꯦꯂꯞꯃꯦꯟ ꯭ ꯇ ꯀꯣꯔꯄꯣꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯂꯤꯃꯤꯇꯦꯠ (ꯚꯥꯔꯠ ꯁꯔꯀꯥꯔꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯃ) ꯅ ꯅꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯅꯦꯜ ꯍꯥꯏꯋꯦꯁ ꯑꯦꯟꯗ ꯏꯟꯐ ꯭ ꯔꯛꯆꯔꯦꯜ ꯗꯤꯚꯦꯂꯞꯃꯦꯟ ꯭ ꯇ ꯀꯣꯔꯄꯣꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯂꯤꯃꯤꯇꯦꯠꯅ ꯅꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯅꯦꯜ ꯍꯥꯏꯋꯦꯁ ꯑꯦꯟꯗ ꯏꯟꯐ ꯭ ꯔꯛꯆꯔꯦꯜ ꯗꯤꯚꯦꯂꯞꯃꯦꯟ ꯭ ꯇ ꯀꯣꯔꯄꯣꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯂꯤꯃꯤꯇꯦꯠ (ꯚꯥꯔꯠ ꯁꯔꯀꯥꯔꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯃ) ꯅꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯅꯦꯜ ꯍꯥꯏꯋꯦꯁ ꯑꯦꯟꯗ ꯏꯟꯐ ꯭ ꯔꯛꯆꯔꯦꯜ ꯗꯤꯚꯦꯂꯞꯃꯦꯟ ꯭ ꯇ ꯀꯣꯔꯄꯣꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯂꯤꯇꯦꯠ...
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ꯑꯀꯣꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯒꯤ ꯃꯟꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯤ · ꯄꯔꯤꯚꯦꯁ
ꯃꯨꯁꯤ ꯔꯤꯚꯔꯐ ꯭ ꯔꯟꯠ ꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯣꯖꯦꯛꯠ: ꯁ ꯭ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯛꯆꯔ 639 ꯁꯣꯛꯍꯟꯒꯅꯤ, ꯎ 2,660 ꯁꯣꯛꯍꯟꯒꯅꯤ
ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯭ ꯇ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯇꯦꯂꯪꯒꯥꯅꯥꯒꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯗ ꯭ ꯔꯕꯥꯗꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯨꯁꯤ ꯔꯤꯚꯔꯐ ꯭ ꯔꯟꯠ ꯗꯦꯚꯦꯂꯞꯃꯦꯟꯠ ꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯣꯖꯦꯛꯠ (ꯐꯦꯁ 1A ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ 1B) ꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯑꯦꯟꯚꯥꯏꯔꯟꯃꯦꯟ ꯭ ꯇꯦꯜ ꯀ ꯭ ꯂꯤꯌꯔꯦꯟꯁ ꯄꯤ ꯫
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CBSE
ꯁꯤ. ꯕꯤ. ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯏ. ꯅ ꯑꯣꯇꯣꯃꯦꯇꯤꯛ ꯐꯥꯏꯜ ꯁꯤꯁ ꯭ ꯇꯦꯝ, ꯏ. ꯑꯦꯝ. ꯗꯤ. ꯒꯤ ꯂꯨꯄꯥ 4000ꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯊꯤꯔꯤ
ꯁꯦꯟꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯦꯜ ꯕꯣꯔ ꯭ ꯗ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯁꯦꯀꯦꯟꯗꯔꯤ ꯑꯦꯖꯨꯀꯦꯁꯟ (ꯁꯤ. ꯕꯤ. ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯏ.) ꯅ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯆꯦꯗ ꯌꯨꯝꯐꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯐꯥꯏꯜ ꯃꯦꯅꯖꯃꯦꯟ ꯭ ꯇ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯋꯦꯕ-ꯕꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯗ ꯑꯦꯖꯨꯀꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯒ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯇꯣꯃꯦꯇꯦꯗ ꯐꯥꯏꯜ ꯃꯨꯚꯃꯦꯟꯠ ꯁꯤꯁꯇꯦꯝ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯊꯤꯔꯤ ꯫
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ꯄꯥꯔꯂꯤꯌꯥꯃꯦꯟꯠꯀꯤ ꯀ ꯭ ꯌꯨ & ꯑꯦ
ꯑꯥꯌꯨꯔꯒ ꯭ ꯌꯥꯟ ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯗꯤ. ꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯀꯦꯑꯣꯟꯖꯥꯔꯒꯤ ꯑꯀꯨꯞꯄ ꯃꯔꯣꯜ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯂꯩꯇꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯃꯟꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯤꯅ ꯍꯥꯏ ꯫
ꯑꯌꯨꯔ ꯭ ꯒ ꯭ ꯌꯥꯟ ꯁ ꯭ ꯀꯤꯝꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗ ꯆꯠꯊꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯗꯤ. ꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯣꯖꯦꯛꯠ 16ꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯎꯈꯠꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯑꯀꯨꯞꯄ ꯃꯔꯣꯜ ꯍꯪꯅꯕ ꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯣꯖꯦꯛ ꯭ ꯠ ꯑꯗꯨꯗ ꯑꯣꯗꯤꯁꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀ ꯭ ꯌꯣꯟꯖꯥꯔ ꯁ ꯭ ꯇꯤꯀ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯇꯔꯒꯤ ꯔꯥꯖ ꯭ ꯌꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯑꯀꯨꯞꯄ ꯃꯔꯣꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯎꯋꯤ ꯫