ꯊꯤꯌꯨ
ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯏꯅ ꯊꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯭ ꯇ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛꯇ-ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ 3,128 ꯫ ꯍꯦꯗꯂꯥꯏꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯊꯤꯔꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯭ ꯇꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯋꯥꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯀꯔꯝꯅ ꯋꯥꯍꯩꯗ ꯍꯥꯏꯒꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯉꯥꯛꯄꯤ ꯫
1206 ꯃꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡ · ꯇꯦꯟꯗꯔꯁꯤꯡ · ꯐꯤꯜꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯦꯡꯗꯣꯛꯎ
-
ꯅꯇꯦꯜ ꯍꯥꯏꯋꯦꯖ ꯏꯟꯐ ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯗꯦꯕ ꯀꯣꯔꯄꯣꯔ ꯭ ꯁ
ꯏ. ꯄꯤ. ꯁꯤ. ꯃꯣꯗꯇ ꯑꯧꯔꯅꯥꯆꯜ ꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯗꯦꯁ ꯔꯥꯖ ꯭ ꯌꯒꯤ ꯐ ꯭ ꯔꯟꯇꯤꯌꯔ ꯍꯥꯏꯋꯦ (ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯑꯩꯆ.-913) ꯒꯤ ꯗꯤꯖꯥꯏꯟ ꯀꯤꯂꯣꯃꯤꯇꯔ <ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯗꯤ. 3> ꯗꯒꯤ ꯀꯤꯂꯣꯃꯤꯇꯔ <ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯗꯤ. 2> (ꯗꯤꯖꯥꯏꯟ ꯂꯦꯡꯊ <ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯗꯤ. 1> ꯀꯤꯂꯣꯃꯤꯇꯔ, ꯒ ꯭ ꯔꯤꯟꯐꯤꯜꯗ) ꯁꯦꯀꯁꯟ ꯐꯥꯎꯕ ꯍꯨꯟꯂꯤꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯌꯨꯂꯤꯌꯥꯡ (ꯄꯦꯀꯦꯖ-3) ꯒꯤ ꯍꯥꯔ ꯭ ꯗ ꯁꯣꯜꯗꯔꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯃꯤꯗꯤꯌꯦꯠ ꯂꯦꯟ ꯁꯥꯕꯒꯤ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯊोरिटीꯒꯤ ꯏꯟꯖꯤꯅꯤꯌꯔ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯀꯟꯁꯜꯇꯦꯟꯁꯤ ꯁꯔꯕꯤꯁꯁꯤꯡ ꯫
-
ꯅꯇꯦꯜ ꯍꯥꯏꯋꯦꯖ ꯏꯟꯐ ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯗꯦꯕ ꯀꯣꯔꯄꯣꯔ ꯭ ꯁ
ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯑꯩꯆ. ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯗꯤ. ꯁꯤ. ꯑꯦꯜ. ꯅ ꯗꯤꯁꯦꯝꯕꯔ 18 ꯐꯥꯎꯕꯗ ꯖꯦ. ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯀꯦ. ꯒꯤ ꯂꯝꯕꯤ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯍꯟꯅ ꯁꯦꯝꯗꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯌꯥꯅꯆꯦ ꯄꯤꯒꯅꯤ
ꯔꯣꯗ, ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯥꯟꯁꯄꯣꯔꯠ & ꯍꯥꯏꯋꯦꯖ ꯃꯟꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯤ (ꯚꯥꯔꯠ ꯁꯔꯀꯥꯔ) ꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯅꯦꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯍꯥꯏꯋꯦꯖ & ꯏꯟꯐ ꯭ ꯔꯁ ꯭ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯛꯆꯔꯦꯜ ꯗꯦꯚꯦꯂꯞꯃꯦꯟꯠ ꯀꯣꯔꯄꯣꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯂꯤꯃꯤꯇꯦꯗ (ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯑꯩꯆ. ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯗꯤ. ꯁꯤ. ꯑꯦꯜ.) ꯅ...
-
ꯅꯦꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯇꯦꯁꯇꯤꯡ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯁꯤ
ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯇꯤ. ꯑꯦ. ꯅ ꯆꯥꯡꯌꯦꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯆꯦꯛꯁꯤꯟ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯁꯤ ꯊꯤꯔꯤ
ꯅꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯅꯦꯜ ꯇꯦꯁꯇꯤꯡ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯁꯤ (ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯇꯤ. ꯑꯦ.) ꯅ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟ-ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟꯕ ꯆꯥꯡꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯁꯦꯀ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯔꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯁꯤ ꯑꯃ ꯈꯟꯗꯨꯅ ꯁꯦꯝꯗꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯍꯣꯠꯅꯔꯤ ꯫
-
ꯅꯦꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯇꯦꯁꯇꯤꯡ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯁꯤ
ꯖꯤ. ꯏ. ꯑꯦꯝ. ꯕꯤ. ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯗꯤ. ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟꯠ
ꯅꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯅꯦꯜ ꯇꯦꯁꯇꯤꯡ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯁꯤꯅ (ꯃꯍꯩ-ꯃꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯟꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗ) ꯔꯤꯃꯣꯠ ꯚꯤꯗꯤꯑꯣ ꯃनिटꯣꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯌꯥꯎꯅ ꯏꯟꯇꯤꯒ ꯭ ꯔꯦꯇꯦꯗ ꯁꯦꯀ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯔꯤꯇꯤ ꯁꯔꯚꯦꯂꯦꯟꯁ ꯁꯤꯁꯇꯦꯝ ꯁꯔꯕꯤꯁ ꯑꯃꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯌꯥꯅꯆꯦ ꯄꯤꯔꯤ ꯫
-
ꯅꯦꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯇꯦꯁꯇꯤꯡ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯁꯤ
ꯇꯦꯟꯗꯔ ꯃꯨꯊꯠꯄꯒꯤ ꯅꯣꯇꯤꯁ
-
ꯅꯦꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯇꯦꯁꯇꯤꯡ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯁꯤ
ꯏ. ꯑꯦꯝ. ꯗꯤ. ꯂꯨꯄꯥ ꯂꯥꯈ 25, ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯇꯤ. ꯑꯦ. ꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯀ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯔꯤꯇꯤ ꯁꯔꯕꯤꯁꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯂꯨꯄꯥ 10,000ꯒꯤ ꯇꯦꯟꯗꯔ ꯐꯣꯔꯝ
ꯅꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯅꯦꯜ ꯇꯦꯁꯇꯤꯡ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯁꯤꯅ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯂꯤꯕ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟ-ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟꯕ ꯆꯥꯡꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯁꯦꯀ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯔꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯁꯤ ꯑꯃꯒ ꯌꯥꯅꯅꯕ ꯍꯣꯠꯅꯔꯤ ꯫
-
ꯅꯦꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯇꯦꯁꯇꯤꯡ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯁꯤ
ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯇꯤ. ꯑꯦ. ꯅ ꯒꯨꯖꯔꯥꯠ ꯑꯦꯛꯖꯥꯝ ꯁꯦꯀ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯔꯤꯇꯤ ꯁꯔꯕꯤꯁꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯍꯥꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯇꯦꯟꯗꯔ ꯐꯣꯡꯈꯤ
ꯅꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯅꯦꯜ ꯇꯦꯁꯇꯤꯡ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯁꯤ (ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯇꯤ. ꯑꯦ.) ꯅ ꯒꯨꯖꯔꯥꯠꯇ ꯑꯣꯐꯂꯥꯏꯟ ꯆꯥꯡꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯟꯀꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯑꯦꯟꯁꯤꯂꯤꯔꯤ ꯁꯦꯀ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯔꯤꯇꯤ ꯁꯔꯕꯤꯁꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯁꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯐꯥꯔ ꯭ ꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯍꯣꯠꯅꯔꯤ ꯫
-
ꯅꯦꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯇꯦꯁꯇꯤꯡ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯁꯤ
ꯆꯥꯡꯌꯦꯡꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯁ ꯭ ꯠ ꯄꯦꯄꯔ (ꯀ ꯭ ꯔꯣꯐꯤꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯌꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ ꯭ ꯗ ꯭ ꯁ) ꯗꯒꯤ ꯅꯥꯄꯤ-ꯁꯤꯡꯕꯤ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯏ ꯫
-
ꯅꯦꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯇꯦꯁꯇꯤꯡ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯁꯤ
ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯇꯤ. ꯑꯦ. ꯅ ꯗꯤꯜꯂꯤ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯀꯤ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯅꯦꯠ ꯂꯤꯖ ꯂꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯁꯤꯁꯇꯦꯝ ꯏꯟꯇꯤꯒ ꯭ ꯔꯦꯇꯔ ꯊꯤꯔꯤ
ꯅꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯅꯦꯜ ꯇꯦꯁꯇꯤꯡ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯁꯤ (ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯇꯤ. ꯑꯦ.) ꯅ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯈꯂꯥ, ꯗꯤꯜꯂꯤꯗ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯕꯦꯟꯗ ꯭ ꯋꯤꯊꯀꯤ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕꯁꯤꯡꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯅꯦꯠ ꯂꯤꯖ ꯂꯥꯏꯟ ꯀꯣꯟꯇꯦꯛꯇꯤꯚꯤꯇꯤ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯁꯤꯁꯇꯦꯝ ꯏꯟꯇꯤꯒ ꯭ ꯔꯦꯇꯔ ꯑꯃ ꯊꯤꯔꯤ ꯫
-
ꯅꯦꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯇꯦꯁꯇꯤꯡ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯁꯤ
ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯇꯤ. ꯑꯦ. ꯅ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯅꯦꯠ ꯂꯤꯖ ꯂꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯁꯤꯁꯇꯦꯝ ꯏꯟꯇꯤꯒ ꯭ ꯔꯦꯇꯔ ꯈꯟꯒꯅꯤ, ꯏ. ꯑꯦꯝ. ꯗꯤ. ꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯂꯨꯄꯥ 37,500 ꯊꯝꯒꯅꯤ
ꯅꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯅꯦꯜ ꯇꯦꯁꯇꯤꯡ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯁꯤ (ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯇꯤ. ꯑꯦ.) ꯅ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯈꯂꯥ, ꯗꯤꯜꯂꯤꯗ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯕꯦꯟꯗ ꯭ ꯋꯤꯊꯀꯤ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕꯁꯤꯡꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯅꯦꯠ ꯂꯤꯖ ꯂꯥꯏꯟ ꯀꯣꯟꯇꯦꯛꯇꯤꯚꯤꯇꯤ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯁꯤꯁꯇꯦꯝ ꯏꯟꯇꯤꯒ ꯭ ꯔꯦꯇꯔ ꯑꯃ ꯊꯤꯔꯤ ꯫
-
ꯅꯦꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯇꯦꯁꯇꯤꯡ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯁꯤ
ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯇꯤ. ꯑꯦ. ꯅ ꯑꯣꯈꯂꯥ ꯕꯤꯜꯗꯤꯡ ꯀꯝꯃꯥꯟ ꯭ ꯗ ꯁꯦꯟꯇꯔ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯍꯟꯅ ꯁꯦꯝꯗꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯊꯤꯔꯤ
ꯅꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯅꯦꯜ ꯇꯦꯁꯇꯤꯡ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯁꯤ (ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯇꯤ. ꯑꯦ.) ꯅ ꯑꯣꯈꯂꯥꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯁꯤ.-ꯑꯦꯝ. ꯗꯤ. ꯕꯤ. ꯄꯤ. ꯕꯤꯜꯗꯤꯡꯒꯤ 5ꯁꯨꯕ ꯐ ꯭ ꯂꯣꯔꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯀꯥꯁꯤꯡ, ꯀꯦꯕꯤꯟꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯃꯥꯟ ꯭ ꯗ ꯁꯦꯟꯇꯔ ꯑꯃ ꯁꯦꯝꯗꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯁꯤꯁꯇꯦꯝ ꯏꯟꯇꯤꯒ ꯭ ꯔꯦꯇꯔ (ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯑꯥꯏ.) ꯑꯃ ꯊꯤꯔꯤ ꯫
-
ꯅꯦꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯇꯦꯁꯇꯤꯡ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯁꯤ
ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯇꯤ. ꯑꯦ. ꯅ ꯑꯥꯎꯁꯇꯔꯁ ꯇꯧꯔꯕ ꯃꯤ-ꯊꯧꯄꯨ ꯊꯤꯔꯤ, ꯏ. ꯑꯦꯝ. ꯗꯤ. ꯒꯤ ꯂꯨꯄꯥ ꯂꯥꯈ 17 ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤ
ꯅꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯅꯦꯜ ꯇꯦꯁꯇꯤꯡ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯁꯤ (ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯇꯤ. ꯑꯦ.) ꯅ ꯇꯦꯟꯗꯔ ꯅꯣꯇꯤꯁ ꯑꯗꯨꯗ ꯄꯟꯈ ꯭ ꯔꯕ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯂꯣꯏꯁꯪꯗ ꯊꯥꯗꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇ ꯑꯥꯎꯠꯁꯣꯔ ꯭ ꯁ ꯇꯧꯔꯕ ꯃꯤꯁꯤꯡꯕꯨ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯁꯤ ꯑꯃ ꯁꯦꯝꯅꯕ ꯍꯣꯠꯅꯔꯤ ꯫
-
ꯅꯦꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯇꯦꯁꯇꯤꯡ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯁꯤ
ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯇꯤ. ꯑꯦ. ꯅ ꯁꯤ. ꯕꯤ. ꯇꯤ. ꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡꯌꯦꯡ ꯁꯦꯟꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯂꯨꯄꯥ 10,000ꯒꯤ ꯇꯦꯟꯗꯔ ꯀꯣꯁ, ꯂꯨꯄꯥ 100 ꯏ. ꯑꯦꯝ. ꯗꯤ. ꯊꯝꯂꯤ
ꯃꯍꯩ-ꯃꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯟꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯁꯥ ꯃꯊꯟꯇ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯂꯨꯞ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯅꯦꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯇꯦꯁꯇꯤꯡ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯁꯤ (ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯇꯤ. ꯑꯦ.) ꯅ ꯀꯝꯄ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯇꯔꯗ ꯌꯨꯝꯐꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯇꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯠ (ꯁꯤ. ꯕꯤ. ꯇꯤ.)..........................................................................................................................................................................................................
-
NCERT
ꯄꯕ ꯭ ꯂꯤꯀꯦꯁꯟ ꯗꯤꯚꯤꯖꯟꯅ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛ ꯍꯩꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯔꯝꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛ 15ꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯍꯥꯡꯗꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯇꯦꯟꯗꯔ ꯀꯧꯋꯤ
ꯚꯥꯔꯠ ꯁꯔꯀꯥꯔꯒꯤ ꯄꯕ ꯭ ꯂिकेषन् ꯗꯤꯚꯤꯖꯟꯅ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................