ꯊꯤꯌꯨ
ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯏꯅ ꯊꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯭ ꯇ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛꯇ-ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ 3,128 ꯫ ꯍꯦꯗꯂꯥꯏꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯊꯤꯔꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯭ ꯇꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯋꯥꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯀꯔꯝꯅ ꯋꯥꯍꯩꯗ ꯍꯥꯏꯒꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯉꯥꯛꯄꯤ ꯫
1321 "ꯀꯟꯁꯇꯤꯇ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯁꯟ" ꯒꯤ ꯃꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡ
-
ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯨꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯤꯝ ꯀꯣꯔ ꯭ ꯠ
ꯃꯄꯨꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯖꯔꯛꯄ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯟꯗꯣꯛꯂꯕ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯁ ꯭ ꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯤꯝ ꯀꯣꯔꯠꯅ ꯂꯤꯁ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡꯕꯨ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯄꯗ ꯋꯥꯀꯠꯅꯕ ꯊꯤꯡꯈꯤ
ꯀꯦꯁ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯂꯧꯐꯝ ꯃꯄꯨ (ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯁ ꯭ ꯠ) ꯅ ꯃꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯝ ꯃꯄꯨ (ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯁ ꯭ ꯠ) ꯗ ꯆꯦꯜꯖ ꯄꯤꯔꯕ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯔꯥꯖ ꯭ ꯌꯅ ꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯣꯄꯔꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯀꯠꯅꯕ ꯂꯤꯁ ꯇꯧꯕꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯔꯤꯠ ꯄꯤꯇꯤꯁꯟ ꯑꯃ ꯐꯥꯏꯜ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯒꯗ ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫
-
ꯑꯀꯣꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯒꯤ ꯃꯟꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯤ · ꯄꯔꯤꯚꯦꯁ
ꯄꯨꯅꯦ ꯇꯥꯎꯟꯁꯤꯞꯀꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯑꯦ. ꯑꯦꯜ. ꯁꯤ. 47,000ꯒꯤ ꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯣꯖꯦꯛꯠꯅ ꯑꯅꯧꯕ ꯑꯀꯣꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯈꯤ
ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯭ ꯇ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯔꯥꯁ ꯭ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯒꯤ ꯄꯨꯅꯦꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ'ꯔꯥꯍꯨꯜ ꯗꯥꯎꯟꯇꯥꯎꯟ "ꯇꯥꯎꯟꯁꯤꯞ/ꯑꯦꯔꯤꯌꯥ ꯗꯤꯚꯦꯂꯞꯃꯦꯟꯠ ꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯣꯖꯦꯛꯠꯀꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯑꯦꯟꯚꯥꯏꯔꯟꯃꯦꯟ ꯭ ꯇꯦꯜ ꯀ ꯭ ꯂꯤꯌꯔꯦꯟꯁ ꯄꯤ ꯫
-
ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯨꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯤꯝ ꯀꯣꯔ ꯭ ꯠ
ꯁꯨꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯤꯝ ꯀꯣꯔꯠꯅ ꯔꯤꯇꯔꯦꯠ ꯇꯧꯔꯕ ꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯣꯐꯦꯁꯔꯒꯤ ꯖꯤ. ꯄꯤ. ꯑꯦꯐ. ꯁ ꯭ ꯀꯤꯝ ꯀ ꯭ ꯂꯥꯏꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤ
ꯀꯦꯁ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯅꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯅꯦꯜ ꯏꯟꯁꯇꯤꯇ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯔꯨꯔꯜ ꯗꯦꯚꯦꯂꯞꯃꯦꯟꯠ (ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯗꯤ.) ꯗꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯊꯥꯗꯣꯛꯂꯕ ꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯣꯐꯦꯁꯔ ꯑꯃꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯖꯦꯅꯔꯦꯜ...
-
ꯀꯩꯊꯦꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯔꯤꯖꯔꯕ ꯕꯦꯡꯛ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ
ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯕꯤ. ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯅ ꯁꯦꯀ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯔꯤꯇꯤ ꯁꯤꯁꯇꯦꯝꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯄꯣꯔꯇꯥ ꯀꯦꯕꯤꯟꯗ ꯂꯨꯄꯥ ꯂꯥꯈ 36 ꯆꯥꯗꯤꯡ ꯇꯧꯒꯅꯤ
ꯑꯍꯃꯗꯕꯥꯗꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯔꯤꯖꯔꯕ ꯕꯦꯡꯛ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ (ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯕꯤ. ꯑꯥꯏ.) ꯅ ꯏꯟꯇꯤꯒ ꯭ ꯔꯦꯇꯦꯗ ꯁꯦꯀ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯔꯤꯇꯤ.................
-
ꯀꯩꯊꯦꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯔꯤꯖꯔꯕ ꯕꯦꯡꯛ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ
ꯁꯥꯟꯇꯥꯀ ꯭ ꯔꯨꯖ ꯁ ꯭ ꯇꯥꯐ ꯀ ꯭ ꯋꯥꯇꯔꯁꯇ ꯄꯤꯄꯂꯥꯏꯟ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯕꯤ. ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯅ ꯂꯨꯄꯥ ꯂꯥꯈ 34ꯒꯤ ꯇꯦꯟꯗꯔ ꯄꯤ ꯫
ꯔꯤꯖꯔꯕ ꯕꯦꯡꯛ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ (ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯕꯤ. ꯑꯥꯏ.) ꯅ ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯕꯤ. ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯁ ꯭ ꯇꯥꯐꯀꯤ ꯕ ꯭ ꯂꯣꯛ 4 (ꯖꯤ., ꯑꯩꯆ., ꯖꯦ. & ꯀꯦ.) ꯗ ꯑꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯥꯡꯍꯟ ꯇꯥꯛꯍꯟ ꯇꯥꯛꯍꯟꯈ ꯭ ꯔꯕ ꯃꯄꯥꯟꯒꯤ ꯖꯤ. ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯤ. ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯄꯤꯞꯂꯥꯏꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯅꯧꯕ ꯌꯨ. ꯄꯤ. ꯚꯤ. ꯁꯤ. ꯄꯤꯞꯂꯥꯏꯟꯁꯤꯡꯒ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯅꯆꯦ ꯄꯤꯔꯤ ꯫
-
ꯚꯥꯔꯠꯀꯤ ꯄꯥꯔꯂꯤꯌꯥꯃꯦꯟꯠ
ꯇꯦꯂꯤꯀꯣꯝ ꯕꯤꯜ 2023 ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯄꯥꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯥꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯎꯅ ꯚꯥꯔꯠ ꯄꯨꯝꯕꯗ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯏ ꯫
ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯕꯤꯜ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯚꯥꯔꯠꯇ ꯇꯦꯂꯤꯀꯃ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯀꯦꯁꯟ ꯁꯔꯕꯤꯁꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯅꯦꯠꯋꯥꯔꯛꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯎꯈꯠꯄ, ꯄꯥꯛꯊꯣꯛ-ꯆꯥꯎꯊꯣꯛꯍꯟꯕ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯨꯟꯁꯤꯟꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯦꯝꯗꯣꯛ-ꯁꯥꯖꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝ ꯊꯝꯂꯤ ꯫
-
ꯇꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯥꯏꯗ ꯭ ꯔꯤ
NCERT
ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯁꯤ. ꯏ. ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯇꯤ. ꯅ ꯀꯦꯇꯦꯒꯣꯔꯤ ꯑꯦ ꯔꯥꯖ ꯭ ꯌꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯄꯣꯠ ꯌꯣꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯡꯆꯠꯇ ꯆꯍꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯨꯄꯥ ꯂꯥꯈ 50ꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝ ꯊꯝꯂꯤ ꯫
ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯁꯤ. ꯏ. ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯇꯤ. (ꯅꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯅꯦꯜ ꯀꯥꯎꯟꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯑꯦꯖꯨꯀꯦꯜ ꯔꯤꯁꯔ ꯭ ꯆ ꯑꯦꯟ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯦꯅꯤꯡ) ꯅ ꯃꯍꯩꯁꯪꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯎꯅ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯐꯣꯡꯕ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯁꯤꯟꯕ ꯊꯨꯡꯅ ꯄꯤꯊꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯄꯣꯠ ꯌꯣꯟꯕꯁꯤꯡꯕꯨ ꯃꯤꯡꯊꯣꯟꯗ ꯌꯥꯎꯍꯟꯅꯕ ꯍꯣꯠꯅꯔꯤ ꯫
-
ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯨꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯤꯝ ꯀꯣꯔ ꯭ ꯠ
ꯁ ꯭ ꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯤꯝ ꯀꯣꯔ ꯭ ꯠꯅ ꯇꯣꯈꯥꯏ-ꯇꯣꯈꯥꯏꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛ ꯄꯤꯕꯗ ꯁꯦꯟꯐꯝꯒꯤ ꯀ ꯭ ꯂꯥꯏꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯀꯛꯊꯠꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯗꯤ. ꯚꯤ. ꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯊꯧꯔꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯀꯛꯊꯠꯈꯤ
ꯀꯦꯁ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯅꯨꯄꯥ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯍꯥꯟꯅꯒꯤ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯕꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯆꯥꯅꯨꯄꯤꯅ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯗꯣꯃꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯇꯤꯛ ꯋꯥꯏꯂꯦꯟꯁ ꯀꯝꯄ ꯭ ꯂꯦꯟ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯁ ꯭ ꯀꯣꯂꯦꯟꯖ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛ ꯑꯃꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ, ꯃꯗꯨꯗ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯜ-ꯊꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯀ ꯭ ꯂꯥꯏꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯏꯪ 2003ꯗ ꯊꯥꯗꯣꯛꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯌꯦꯠꯂꯤ ꯫
-
ꯚꯥꯔꯠꯀꯤ ꯄꯥꯔꯂꯤꯌꯥꯃꯦꯟꯠ
ꯐꯥꯔꯃꯥꯁꯤ (ꯑꯦꯃꯦꯟꯗꯃꯦꯟꯠ) ꯕꯤꯜꯅ ꯖꯦ. ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯀꯦ. ꯒꯤ ꯐꯥꯔꯃꯥꯁꯤ ꯔꯦꯖꯤꯁꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯦꯟꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯦꯜ ꯑꯦꯛꯠꯀꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗ ꯆꯠꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯋꯤ ꯫
ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯕꯤꯜ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯑꯔꯤꯕ ꯖꯝꯃꯨ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯁ ꯭ ꯃꯤꯔ ꯐꯥꯔꯃꯥꯁꯤ ꯑꯦꯛꯠ, 2011ꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗ ꯔꯦꯖꯤꯁꯇꯔ ꯇꯧꯔꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯣꯖꯤꯀ ꯭ ꯔाइब ꯇꯧꯔꯕ ꯐꯥꯔꯃꯥꯁꯤ ꯑꯦꯛꯠ, 1948 ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ ꯁꯦꯡꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯅꯕ ꯐꯥꯔꯃꯥꯁꯤ ꯑꯦꯛꯠ, 1948ꯗ ꯁꯦꯝꯗꯣꯛꯏ ꯫
-
NCERT
ꯁꯤ. ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯏ. ꯇꯤ.-ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯁꯤ. ꯏ. ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯇꯤ. ꯅ 2026 ꯐꯥꯎꯕꯗ ꯅꯦꯠꯋꯥꯔꯛ ꯐꯒꯠꯍꯟꯒꯅꯤ, ꯏ. ꯑꯣ. ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯒꯤ ꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯖꯨꯂꯥꯏ 30ꯅꯤ
ꯁꯤ. ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯏ. ꯇꯤ.-ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯁꯤ. ꯏ. ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯇꯤ. (ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯁꯤ. ꯏ. ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯇꯤ. ꯒꯤ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯠ ꯑꯃ) ꯅ ꯀꯣꯔ ꯅꯦꯠꯋꯥꯔꯛ, ꯂꯦꯟ, ꯋꯥꯏ-ꯐꯥꯏ, ꯁꯦꯀ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯔꯤꯇꯤ ꯁꯤꯁꯇꯦꯝꯁꯤꯡ, ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯅꯦꯠ ꯔꯤꯟꯗꯦꯟꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤ..............................................................................................................................................................................................
-
ꯚꯥꯔꯠꯀꯤ ꯄꯥꯔꯂꯤꯌꯥꯃꯦꯟꯠ
ꯕꯤꯜꯅ ꯀꯟꯁꯣꯂꯤꯗꯦꯇꯦꯗ ꯐꯟꯗ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥꯗꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯗꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯇꯧꯗꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤ ꯫
ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯕꯤꯜ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯥꯏꯟꯁ ꯑꯦꯟ ꯃꯤꯅꯔꯦꯜꯁ (ꯗꯤꯚꯦꯂꯞꯃꯦꯟꯠ ꯑꯦꯟ ꯔꯦꯒꯨꯂꯦꯁꯟ) ꯑꯦꯛꯠ, 1957ꯗ ꯁꯦꯝꯗꯣꯛ-ꯁꯥꯖꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯋꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅ'ꯃꯤꯅꯔꯦꯜ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯂꯝꯁꯤꯡ'ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯌꯟꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯛꯁꯤꯟ ꯃꯈꯥꯗ ꯄꯨꯔꯛꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ...
-
ꯚꯥꯔꯠꯀꯤ ꯄꯥꯔꯂꯤꯌꯥꯃꯦꯟꯠ
ꯁꯤ. ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯑꯦꯐ. ꯅ ꯂꯅꯥꯏꯒꯤ ꯏꯟꯗꯁ ꯭ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯖꯣꯏꯟ ꯭ ꯇ ꯚꯦꯟꯆꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯀꯣꯁ ꯭ ꯠ-ꯔꯤꯝꯕꯔꯁꯃꯦꯟ ꯭ ꯇꯀꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯉꯥꯛꯁꯦꯟꯒꯅꯤ
ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯕꯤꯜ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯁꯦꯟꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯦꯜ ꯏꯟꯗꯁ ꯭ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯤꯌꯦꯜ ꯁꯦꯀ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯔꯤꯇꯤ ꯐꯣꯔꯁ ꯑꯦꯛꯠ, 1968ꯗ ꯁꯤ. ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯑꯦꯐ. ꯅ ꯂꯅꯥꯏꯒꯤ ꯏꯟꯗꯁ ꯭ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯨꯟꯅ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯕꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯁꯦꯀ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯔꯤꯇꯤ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯁꯦꯝꯗꯣꯛꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ...
-
ꯀꯩꯊꯦꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯦꯀ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯔꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯛꯆꯦꯟꯖ ꯕꯣꯔ ꯭ ꯗ
ꯁꯦꯕꯤꯅ ꯀꯥꯄꯤꯇꯦꯜꯚꯤꯌꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯗꯚꯥꯏꯖꯔꯒꯤ ꯔꯦꯖꯤꯁ ꯭ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯀꯥꯞꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤ ꯀꯥꯐꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯒ ꯭ ꯔꯥꯟꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯐꯤꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯠꯄꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯨꯅ ꯫
ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯔ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯀꯦꯄꯤꯇꯦꯜꯚꯤꯌꯥ ꯒ ꯭ ꯂꯣꯕꯦꯜ ꯔꯤꯁꯔ ꯭ ꯆ ꯂꯤꯃꯤꯇꯦꯗꯀꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯏꯟꯚꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯠꯃꯦꯟꯠ ꯑꯦꯗꯚꯥꯏꯖꯔ ꯔꯦꯖꯤꯁꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟꯒꯤ ꯔꯤꯖꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯈ ꯭ ꯔꯕ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯑꯃ ꯐꯪꯂꯕ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯊꯝꯂꯤ...
-
ꯀꯩꯊꯦꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯦꯀ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯔꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯛꯆꯦꯟꯖ ꯕꯣꯔ ꯭ ꯗ
ꯀꯦꯄꯤꯇꯦꯜꯚꯤꯌꯥ ꯒ ꯭ ꯂꯣꯕꯦꯜ ꯔꯤꯁꯔꯆ ꯂꯤꯃꯤꯇꯦꯗꯀꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯔ
-
NCERT
ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯁꯤ. ꯏ. ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯇꯤ. ꯒꯤ ꯀꯦꯟꯇꯤꯟꯒꯤ ꯇꯦꯟꯗꯔ: ꯏ. ꯑꯦꯝ. ꯗꯤ. ꯂꯨꯄꯥ 10,000, ꯕꯤꯗꯀꯤ ꯕꯦꯂꯤꯗꯤꯇꯤ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ 180ꯅꯤꯅꯤ ꯫
ꯅꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯅꯦꯜ ꯀꯥꯎꯟꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯑꯦꯖꯨꯀꯦꯜ ꯔꯤꯁꯔ ꯭ ꯆ ꯑꯦꯟ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯦꯅꯤꯡ (ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯁꯤ. ꯏ. ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯇꯤ.) ꯅ ꯅ ꯭ ꯌꯨ ꯗꯤꯜꯂꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯏ. ꯀꯦꯟꯇꯤꯟꯗ ꯆꯥ, ꯀꯣꯐꯤ, ꯅꯨꯡꯊꯤꯜꯒꯤ ꯆꯤꯟꯖꯥꯛ...
-
ꯅꯦꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯇꯦꯁꯇꯤꯡ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯁꯤ
ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯇꯤ. ꯑꯦ. ꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯕ ꯀꯟꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯦꯛ ꯚꯦꯜ ꯭ ꯌꯨ ꯌꯥꯎꯗꯅ ꯍꯗꯔꯋꯦꯌꯔ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯣꯐ ꯭ ꯠꯋꯦꯌꯔꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯕꯤꯗ ꯊꯤꯔꯤ
ꯅꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯅꯦꯜ ꯇꯦꯁꯇꯤꯡ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯁꯤ (ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯇꯤ. ꯑꯦ.) ꯅ ꯍꯥꯔꯗꯋꯦꯌꯔ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯣꯐ ꯭ ꯠꯋꯦꯌꯔ ꯄꯤꯕ, ꯏꯟꯁ ꯭ ꯇꯣꯜ ꯇꯧꯕ, ꯇꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯠ ꯇꯧꯕ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯝꯃꯤꯁꯟ ꯇꯧꯅꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯕꯤꯗ ꯊꯤꯔꯤ ꯫
-
ꯑꯀꯣꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯒꯤ ꯃꯟꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯤ · ꯄꯔꯤꯚꯦꯁ
ꯎ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯄꯨꯅꯦ ꯇꯥꯎꯟꯁꯤꯞ ꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯣꯖꯦꯛꯠꯀꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯑꯀꯣꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯗ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯈꯤ
ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯭ ꯇ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯍꯕꯦꯂꯤꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯘꯣꯂꯤꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯇꯥꯎꯟꯁꯤꯞ/ꯑꯦꯔꯤꯌꯥ ꯗꯤꯚꯦꯂꯞꯃꯦꯟꯠ ꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯣꯖꯦꯛꯠ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯅꯧꯕ ꯀꯟꯁ ꯭ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯛꯁꯟ ꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯣꯖꯦꯛꯠ'ꯔꯣꯍꯥꯟ ꯑꯕꯤꯂꯥꯁꯥ 5'ꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯑꯦꯟꯚꯥꯏꯔꯟꯃꯦꯟꯇꯦꯜ ꯀ ꯭ ꯂꯤꯌꯔꯦꯟꯁ ꯄꯤ ꯫
-
ꯄꯥꯔꯂꯤꯌꯥꯃꯦꯟꯠꯀꯤ ꯀ ꯭ ꯌꯨ & ꯑꯦ
ꯄꯤ. ꯑꯦꯝ. ꯀꯦ. ꯚꯤ. ꯋꯥꯏ. 4.0ꯗ ꯕꯤ. ꯑꯦꯟꯗ. ꯑꯦꯜ. ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯅꯨꯄꯤꯁꯤꯡ, ꯄꯤ. ꯗꯕ ꯭ ꯌꯨ. ꯗꯤ. ꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁ ꯭ ꯄꯦꯁꯤꯌꯦꯜ ꯑꯦꯔꯤꯌꯥꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯦꯅꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯥꯟꯁꯄꯣꯔ ꯭ ꯠ ꯌꯥꯎꯔꯤ ꯫
ꯑꯦ. ꯗ. ꯚꯤ. ꯒꯣꯋꯥꯜ ꯀꯥꯒꯗꯥ ꯄꯥꯗꯥꯕꯤꯅ ꯍꯪꯈꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯥꯏꯕꯦꯜ ꯖꯤꯂꯥꯁꯤꯡꯗ, ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯔꯥꯁ ꯭ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯒꯤ ꯅꯟꯗꯨꯔꯕꯥꯔꯗ, ꯄꯤ. ꯑꯦꯝ. ꯀꯦ. ꯚꯤ. ꯋꯥꯏ. ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯗꯤ. ꯑꯩꯆ. ꯆꯠꯅꯍꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯑꯀꯨꯞꯄ ꯃꯔꯣꯜ ꯊꯤꯈꯤ ꯫
-
ꯑꯀꯣꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯒꯤ ꯃꯟꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯤ · ꯄꯔꯤꯚꯦꯁ
ꯄꯨꯅꯦ ꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯣꯖꯦꯛꯠꯇ ꯖꯤꯔꯣ ꯐꯣꯔꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯠ ꯂꯝ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄ, ꯑꯀꯣꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯗ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯦ
ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯭ ꯇ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯄꯨꯅꯦꯒꯤ ꯇꯥꯂꯨꯀꯥ ꯍꯥꯚꯦꯂꯤꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯔꯍꯣꯂꯤ ꯕꯤ. ꯀꯦ. ꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯦꯝ./ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯇꯥꯅꯤꯁ ꯔꯤꯌꯦꯂꯤꯇꯤꯁꯅ تجویز ꯇꯧꯔꯕ ꯂꯩꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯂꯣꯟ-ꯏꯇꯤꯛ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯣꯖꯦꯛꯠ ꯑꯃꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯑꯦꯟꯚꯥꯏꯔꯟꯃꯦꯟ ꯭ ꯇꯦꯜ ꯀ ꯭ ꯂꯤꯌꯔꯦꯟꯁ ꯄꯤ ꯫
-
ꯀꯩꯊꯦꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯔꯤꯖꯔꯕ ꯕꯦꯡꯛ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ
ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯕꯤ. ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯀꯣꯜꯀꯥꯇꯥ ꯑꯦꯁꯀꯂꯦꯇꯔ ꯇꯦꯟꯗꯔ: ꯃꯃꯜ ꯂꯨꯄꯥ ꯂꯥꯈ 74, ꯏ. ꯑꯦꯝ. ꯗꯤ. ꯂꯥꯈ 1.48
ꯔꯤꯖꯔꯕ ꯕꯦꯡꯛ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ, ꯑꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯇꯦꯠ ꯗꯤꯄꯥꯔ ꯭ ꯠꯃꯦꯟ ꯭ ꯇ, ꯀꯣꯜꯀꯥꯇꯥꯅ ꯕꯦꯡ ꯭ ꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯀꯂꯦꯇꯔ 2ꯒꯤ ꯗꯤꯖꯥꯏꯟ ꯁ ꯭ ꯄꯂꯥꯏ ꯏꯟꯁ ꯭ ꯇꯥꯂꯦꯁꯟ ꯇꯦꯁꯇꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯝꯃꯤꯁꯟ (ꯗꯤ. ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯇꯤ. ꯁꯤ.) ꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯕꯦꯡ ꯭ ꯛꯀꯤ...