ꯊꯤꯌꯨ
ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯏꯅ ꯊꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯭ ꯇ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛꯇ-ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ 3,128 ꯫ ꯍꯦꯗꯂꯥꯏꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯊꯤꯔꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯭ ꯇꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯋꯥꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯀꯔꯝꯅ ꯋꯥꯍꯩꯗ ꯍꯥꯏꯒꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯉꯥꯛꯄꯤ ꯫
1321 "ꯀꯟꯁꯇꯤꯇ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯁꯟ" ꯒꯤ ꯃꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡ
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ꯑꯣꯗꯤꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯀꯝꯄꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯣꯜꯔ & ꯑꯣꯗꯤꯇꯔ ꯖꯦꯅꯔꯦꯜ
ꯖꯝꯃꯨ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯁꯃꯤꯔꯗ ꯄꯥꯠ 697 ꯉꯥꯛꯁꯦꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ CAGꯅ ꯐꯪꯗ ꯭ ꯔꯤ ꯫
ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯗꯤꯠ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯖꯝꯃꯨ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯁꯃꯤꯔꯗ 2017-18 ꯗꯒꯤ 2021-22 ꯐꯥꯎꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯉꯥꯛꯁꯦꯟꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯦꯟꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯈꯤ ꯫
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ꯀꯩꯊꯦꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯦꯀ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯔꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯛꯆꯦꯟꯖ ꯕꯣꯔ ꯭ ꯗ
ꯁꯦꯕꯤꯅ ꯁꯔꯚꯣꯠꯇꯝ ꯁꯦꯀ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯔꯤꯇꯤꯖ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯗꯨꯅ ꯁꯅꯤ ꯚꯇꯤꯌꯥꯅ ꯃꯥꯡꯖꯤꯜ ꯊꯥꯔꯤꯕꯗꯨ ꯊꯤꯖꯤꯟ-ꯍꯨꯝꯖꯤꯟꯔꯤ
ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯔ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯁꯦꯕꯤꯅ ꯕ ꯭ ꯔꯣꯀꯔ ꯗꯤꯂꯔ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯂꯨꯆꯤꯡꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯨꯞ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯤꯗꯨꯅ ꯃꯥꯡꯖꯤꯜ ꯊꯥꯔꯤꯕ ꯂꯂꯣꯟ-ꯏꯇꯤꯛꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯌꯥꯔꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯥꯜꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯊꯤꯖꯟ ꯍꯨꯝꯖꯟꯕꯗ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯊꯝꯂꯤ...
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ꯀꯩꯊꯦꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯦꯀ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯔꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯛꯆꯦꯟꯖ ꯕꯣꯔ ꯭ ꯗ
ꯕꯤꯒ ꯀ ꯭ ꯂꯥꯏꯟꯇ-ꯁꯔꯚꯣꯠꯇꯝ ꯁꯦꯀ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯔꯤꯇꯤꯖ ꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯥꯏꯚꯦꯠ ꯂꯤꯃꯤꯇꯦꯗꯀꯤ ꯐ ꯭ ꯔꯟꯇ-ꯔꯟ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯦꯠꯁꯀꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟ-ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟꯕ ꯏꯟꯇꯤꯇꯤꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯔ ꯄꯤ ꯫
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ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ 12ꯅꯤ ꯂꯩꯔꯦ ꯫
ꯀꯩꯊꯦꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯔꯤꯖꯔꯕ ꯕꯦꯡꯛ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ
ꯔꯤꯖꯔꯕ ꯕꯦꯡꯛ ꯁ ꯭ ꯇꯥꯐ ꯀꯣꯂꯦꯖꯅ ꯑꯦ. ꯁꯤ. ꯂꯤꯡꯈꯠꯄꯗ ꯂꯨꯄꯥ ꯂꯥꯈ 7.93 ꯆꯥꯗꯤꯡ ꯇꯧꯒꯅꯤ
ꯆꯦꯟꯅꯥꯏꯒꯤ ꯔꯤꯖꯔꯕ ꯕꯦꯡꯛ ꯁ ꯭ ꯇꯥꯐ ꯀꯣꯂꯦꯖꯅ ꯂꯦꯕ-1 ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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ꯀꯩꯊꯦꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯦꯀ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯔꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯛꯆꯦꯟꯖ ꯕꯣꯔ ꯭ ꯗ
ꯁꯦꯕꯤꯅ ꯁꯦꯜ-ꯊꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯆꯍꯤ 4ꯗ ꯁꯤꯀꯣꯁ ꯭ ꯠ ꯁꯤꯄꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯜ-ꯊꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯐꯤꯕꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯐꯪꯂꯦ
ꯃꯁꯤ ꯁꯤꯀꯣꯁ ꯭ ꯠ ꯁꯤꯄꯤꯡ ꯁꯔꯕꯤꯁꯦꯁ ꯂꯤꯃꯤꯇꯦꯗ (ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯑꯦꯜ.) ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ 21 ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯇꯤꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯁꯦꯕꯤꯅ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯔ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯁꯦꯜ-ꯊꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯐꯤꯕꯝ ꯐꯒꯠꯂꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯊꯝꯂꯤ ꯫
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ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯨꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯤꯝ ꯀꯣꯔ ꯭ ꯠ
ꯁꯨꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯤꯝ ꯀꯣꯔꯠꯅ ꯏꯪ 2009ꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯧꯅ ꯑꯜꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯥ-ꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯣꯁꯦꯁ ꯇꯧꯔꯕ ꯆꯤꯟꯖꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯀꯩꯊꯦꯜꯗ <ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯗꯤ. 1> ꯍꯦꯟꯒꯠꯂꯛꯄ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯟꯈꯤ ꯫
ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯌꯟ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥꯅ ꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯤ-ꯄꯦꯀꯦꯖ ꯇꯧꯔꯕ ꯆꯤꯟꯖꯥꯛꯀꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇ ꯐ ꯭ ꯔꯟꯠ-ꯑꯣꯐ-ꯄꯦꯀꯦꯖ ꯂꯦꯕꯦꯜꯡ (ꯑꯦꯐ. ꯑꯣ. ꯄꯤ. ꯑꯦꯜ.) ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ 3 ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯧꯔ ꯍꯦꯜꯊ ꯁꯣꯁꯥꯏꯇꯤꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯀꯠ ꯑꯃꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫
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ꯅꯦꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯇꯦꯁꯇꯤꯡ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯁꯤ
ꯖꯤ. ꯏ. ꯑꯦꯝ. ꯕꯤ. ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯗꯤ. ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟꯠ
ꯅꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯅꯦꯜ ꯇꯦꯁꯇꯤꯡ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯁꯤꯅ (ꯃꯍꯩ-ꯃꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯟꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗ) ꯔꯤꯃꯣꯠ ꯚꯤꯗꯤꯑꯣ ꯃनिटꯣꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯌꯥꯎꯅ ꯏꯟꯇꯤꯒ ꯭ ꯔꯦꯇꯦꯗ ꯁꯦꯀ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯔꯤꯇꯤ ꯁꯔꯚꯦꯂꯦꯟꯁ ꯁꯤꯁꯇꯦꯝ ꯁꯔꯕꯤꯁ ꯑꯃꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯌꯥꯅꯆꯦ ꯄꯤꯔꯤ ꯫
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ꯚꯥꯔꯠꯀꯤ ꯄꯥꯔꯂꯤꯌꯥꯃꯦꯟꯠ
ꯑꯦꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯣꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯤꯌꯦꯁꯟ ꯕꯤꯜ 2026 ꯅ <ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯗꯤ. 2> ꯁꯦꯜ-ꯊꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯆꯍꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯨꯄꯥ ꯂꯥꯈ ꯀꯔꯣꯔ <ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯗꯤ. 1> ꯒꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤ ꯫
ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯕꯤꯜ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯁꯦꯜ-ꯊꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯆꯍꯤ <ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯗꯤ. 1> ꯒꯤ ꯂꯩꯉꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯆꯥꯗꯤꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯀꯣꯟꯁोलिꯗꯦꯗ ꯐꯟꯗ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥꯗꯒꯤ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯁꯦꯟꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤ ꯫
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ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯨꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯤꯝ ꯀꯣꯔ ꯭ ꯠ
ꯁꯨꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯤꯝ ꯀꯣꯔꯠꯅ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯊꯥꯗꯣꯛꯈꯤ, ꯄꯣꯛꯁꯣꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯂꯩꯕꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯐꯥꯕ ꯅꯠꯇꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯈꯪꯈꯤ
ꯀꯦꯁ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯗꯤꯄꯤꯛꯅ ꯖꯦ. ꯁꯤ. ꯗ ꯄꯣꯛꯁꯣ ꯑꯦꯛꯠ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯄꯤ. ꯁꯤ. ꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯔꯥꯜꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯍꯥꯏ ꯀꯣꯔꯠꯅ ꯍꯥꯏ ꯀꯣꯔ ꯭ ꯠꯀꯤ ꯋꯥꯔꯦꯞ ꯑꯗꯨ...
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NCERT
ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯁꯤ. ꯏ. ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯇꯤ. ꯅ ꯔꯥꯖ ꯭ ꯌꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯆꯦꯒꯤ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯥꯟꯁꯄꯣꯔꯠꯀꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯏ-ꯇꯦꯟꯗꯔ ꯍꯥꯡꯗꯣꯛꯈꯤ
ꯅ ꯭ ꯌꯨ ꯗꯤꯜꯂꯤꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯅꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯅꯦꯜ ꯀꯥꯎꯟꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯑꯦꯖꯨꯀꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯅꯦꯜ ꯔꯤꯁꯔ ꯭ ꯆ ꯑꯦꯟ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯦꯅꯤꯡ (ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯁꯤ. ꯏ. ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯇꯤ.) ꯅ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ...
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ꯚꯥꯔꯠꯀꯤ ꯄꯥꯔꯂꯤꯌꯥꯃꯦꯟꯠ
ꯕꯤꯜꯅ'ꯄꯟ ꯃꯥꯁꯥꯂꯥ "ꯑꯁꯤ ꯇꯦꯔꯤꯐ ꯑꯥꯏꯇꯦꯝ 21069020 ꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯂꯤ ꯫
ꯕꯤꯜ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯛꯄꯗ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯃꯦꯁꯤꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯊꯧꯑꯣꯡꯁꯤꯡꯗ (ꯁꯦꯗ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯜ 1ꯗ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ,'ꯄꯟ ꯃꯥꯁꯥꯂꯥ "ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ ꯁꯦꯡꯅ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ) ꯁꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯃ ꯂꯧꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯊꯝꯂꯤ ꯫
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ꯅꯇꯦꯜ ꯍꯥꯏꯋꯦꯖ ꯏꯟꯐ ꯭ ꯔꯥ ꯗꯦꯕ ꯀꯣꯔꯄꯣꯔ ꯭ ꯁ
ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯑꯩꯆ. ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯗꯤ. ꯁꯤ. ꯑꯦꯜ. ꯅ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯤꯄꯨꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯋꯦ ꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯣꯖꯦꯛꯠꯇ ꯂꯨꯄꯥ <ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯗꯤ. 1> ꯀꯔꯣꯔ ꯆꯥꯗꯤꯡ ꯇꯧꯒꯅꯤ
ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯑꯩꯆ. ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯗꯤ. ꯁꯤ. ꯑꯦꯜ. ꯅ ꯎꯗꯦꯄꯨꯔ-ꯁꯕ ꯭ ꯔꯨꯝ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ (ꯀꯤꯂꯣꯃꯤꯇꯔ <ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯗꯤ. 1> ꯗꯒꯤ ꯀꯤꯂꯣꯃꯤꯇꯔ <ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯗꯤ. 2>) ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯄꯥꯡꯒꯜ ꯀꯟꯈꯠꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯎꯗꯦꯄꯨꯔ-ꯁꯕ ꯭ ꯔꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯈꯟꯒꯠꯂꯕ ꯃꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯄ/ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯕꯤꯗꯁꯤꯡ ꯀꯧꯔꯤ ꯫
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NCERT
ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯁꯤ. ꯏ. ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯇꯤ. ꯅ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯁ ꯭ ꯇꯦꯠ ꯕꯨꯛ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯥꯟꯁꯄꯣꯔ ꯭ ꯇꯀꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯕꯤꯗ ꯀꯧꯋꯤ, ꯏ. ꯑꯦꯝ. ꯗꯤ. ꯗꯒꯤ ꯅꯥꯟꯊꯣꯛ ꯄꯤ ꯫
ꯅ ꯭ ꯌꯨ ꯗꯤꯜꯂꯤꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯅꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯅꯦꯜ ꯀꯥꯎꯟꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯑꯦꯖꯨꯀꯦꯁꯟꯦꯜ ꯔꯤꯁꯔ ꯭ ꯆ ꯑꯦꯟ ꯭ ꯗ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯦꯅꯤꯡ (ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯁꯤ. ꯏ. ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯇꯤ.) ꯅ ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯁꯤ. ꯏ. ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯇꯤ. ꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯔꯥꯖ ꯭ ꯌꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯛ ꯄꯨꯁꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯅꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯥꯟꯁꯄꯣꯔꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯕꯤꯗ ꯀꯧꯔꯤ ꯫
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ꯀꯩꯊꯦꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯦꯀ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯔꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯛꯆꯦꯟꯖ ꯕꯣꯔ ꯭ ꯗ
ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯏ. ꯕꯤ. ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯅ ꯑꯣꯏꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯜꯍꯧꯕꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇ ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯑꯦꯜ. ꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯊꯥꯗꯕ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯍꯟꯅ ꯁꯦꯝꯗꯣꯛ-ꯁꯦꯝꯖꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯜꯂꯤ
ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯔ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯏꯪ 2014ꯗ ꯅꯜꯋꯥ ꯁꯟꯁ ꯏꯟꯚꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯠꯃꯦꯟ ꯭ ꯇ ꯭ ꯁ ꯂꯤꯃꯤꯇꯦꯗ (ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯑꯦꯜ.) ꯅ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯁꯕꯁꯤꯗꯦꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯊꯝꯈꯤꯕ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯊꯥꯗꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯍꯟꯅ ꯁꯦꯝꯗꯣꯛ-ꯁꯦꯝꯖꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛ ꯑꯃ ꯀꯣꯛꯍꯜꯂꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕꯗ ꯁꯦꯕꯤ...
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NCERT
ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯁꯤ. ꯏ. ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯇꯤ. ꯅ ꯂꯣꯀꯦꯜ ꯕꯨꯛ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯥꯟꯁꯄꯣꯔ ꯭ ꯠ, ꯕꯤꯗ ꯑꯅꯤꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯑꯣꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯏ-ꯇꯦꯟꯗꯔ ꯀꯧꯋꯤ
ꯅ ꯭ ꯌꯨ ꯗꯤꯜꯂꯤꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯅꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯅꯦꯜ ꯀꯥꯎꯟꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯑꯦꯖꯨꯀꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯅꯦꯜ ꯔꯤꯁꯔ ꯭ ꯆ ꯑꯦꯟ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯦꯅꯤꯡ (ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯁꯤ. ꯏ. ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯇꯤ.) ꯅ ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯁꯤ. ꯏ. ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯇꯤ. ꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯤꯟꯇꯤꯡ ꯄꯦꯄꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯗ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯛ ꯄꯨꯁꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯅꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯑꯣꯟꯂꯥꯏꯟ ꯕꯤꯗꯁꯤꯡ ꯀꯧꯔꯤ ꯫
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ꯚꯥꯔꯠꯀꯤ ꯄꯥꯔꯂꯤꯌꯥꯃꯦꯟꯠ
ꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯤꯚꯦꯟꯁꯟ ꯑꯣꯐ करपꯁꯟ ꯕꯤꯜꯅ ꯁꯦꯀꯁꯟ 11 ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤ, ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯁꯦꯝꯗꯣꯛ-ꯁꯥꯖꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯈꯤ
ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯕꯤꯜ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯄꯕ ꯭ ꯂꯤꯛ ꯁꯔꯚꯦꯟꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯝꯃꯔꯁꯤꯌꯦꯜ ꯂꯨꯞꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯁꯦꯟꯖꯥ-ꯊꯨꯝꯖꯥꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯗꯣꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯍꯟꯅ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯅꯕ ꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯤꯚꯦꯟꯁꯟ ꯑꯣꯐ करपꯁꯟ ꯑꯦꯛꯠ, 1988ꯗ ꯁꯦꯝꯗꯣꯛ-ꯁꯦꯝꯖꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯋꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯅꯧꯕ...
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ꯚꯥꯔꯠꯀꯤ ꯄꯥꯔꯂꯤꯌꯥꯃꯦꯟꯠ
ꯋꯥꯛꯐ ꯕꯤꯜꯅ ꯋꯥꯛꯐꯀꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯗ ꯕꯤꯗꯥꯁꯤꯡ, یتیمꯁꯤꯡ ꯍꯥꯞꯈꯤ, ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯥꯏꯕ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯅꯦꯜꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯖꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯑꯅꯤꯗ ꯍꯦꯟꯒꯠꯍꯟꯈꯤ
ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯕꯤꯜ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯋꯥꯛꯐ ꯑꯦꯛꯠ, 1995 ꯑꯁꯤ'ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯐꯥꯏꯗ ꯋꯥꯛꯐ ꯃꯦꯅꯖꯃꯦꯟ ꯭ ꯇ, ꯑꯦꯝꯄꯥꯋꯔꯃꯦꯟ ꯭ ꯇ, ꯑꯦꯐꯤꯁꯤꯑꯦꯟꯁꯤ ꯑꯦꯟ ꯗꯦꯚꯦꯂꯞꯃꯦꯟ ꯭ ꯇ "ꯑꯦꯛꯠ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯁꯦꯝꯗꯣꯛ-ꯁꯦꯝꯖꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯋꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯋꯥꯛꯐꯀꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇ ꯍꯦꯟꯅ ꯀ ꯭ ꯔꯤꯛꯇꯔ ꯀꯟꯗꯤꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯆꯠꯅꯍꯜꯂꯤ ꯫
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ꯚꯥꯔꯠꯀꯤ ꯄꯥꯔꯂꯤꯌꯥꯃꯦꯟꯠ
ꯚꯥꯔꯇꯤꯌ ꯅ ꯭ ꯌꯥꯌ ꯁꯟꯍꯤꯇꯥ ꯕꯤꯜꯅ'ꯑꯣꯔꯒꯅꯥꯏꯖ ꯭ ꯗ ꯀ ꯭ ꯔꯥꯏꯝ "ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ'ꯇꯦꯔꯣꯔꯤꯁ ꯭ ꯠ ꯑꯦꯛꯠ" ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯅꯧꯕ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯄꯨꯔꯛꯈꯤ ꯫
ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯕꯤꯜ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯟ ꯄꯤꯅꯦꯜ ꯀꯣꯗ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯣꯐꯦꯟ ꯭ ꯁꯁꯤꯡ, ꯄꯦꯅꯃꯦꯟ ꯭ ꯇꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯖꯦꯅꯔꯦꯜ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯄꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯂꯤꯕ ꯑꯅꯧꯕ ꯀ ꯭ ꯔꯤꯃꯤꯅꯦꯜ ꯀꯣꯗ ꯑꯃꯒ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯊꯝꯂꯤ ꯫
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ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ 19ꯅꯤ ꯂꯩꯔꯦ ꯫
ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯨꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯤꯝ ꯀꯣꯔ ꯭ ꯠ
ꯁꯨꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯤꯝ ꯀꯣꯔ ꯭ ꯠꯅ ꯆꯍꯤ 24ꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯆꯠꯊꯕꯗ ꯑꯀꯥꯏꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯕ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅ ꯗ ꯭ ꯔꯣꯗꯣꯟ ꯆꯠꯅꯍꯟꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯊꯪ ꯄꯤ ꯫
ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯎꯠꯇꯔ ꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯗꯦꯁ ꯔꯥꯖ ꯭ ꯌꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯐꯥꯕ ꯂꯝꯖꯤꯡ-ꯂꯝꯇꯥꯛꯄꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯗ ꯭ ꯔꯣꯅꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯃꯔꯥꯜꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯀ ꯭ ꯔꯤꯃꯤꯅꯦꯜ ꯑꯣꯄꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯔꯕꯁꯤꯡꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫
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